Compare and contrast the ways in which Carol Ann Duffy presents female characters

Compare and contrast the ways in which Carol Ann Duffy presents female characters in ‘The World's Wife'. The Worlds Wife is a joyous collection of poems about women which was published in 1999, which are given a voice in society as the original stories/myths gave women no say. The poems features biblical, mythical and historical which are very well known. All the poems are dramatic monologues in a feminist approach. Most poems are seen as witty, interesting and hilarious.The main themes shown in ‘The Worlds Wife’ are marriage, homosexuality, birth and relationships In the poems Delilah and Red Cap, we explore the themes female dominance, determination and manipulation, as they go to desperate measures to get what they want. In Little Red Cap Duffy presents presents how young female characters will go to unimaginable measures to get what they need. ‘sweet sixteen, never been, babe, waif, bought me a drink’ The vulnerability and courage she has to get wh at she wants, that Little Red Cap needs to know the wolfs tricks and tips for her own career.In Delilah Duffy also presents how she needs to go through certain strengths and certain actions to be able get her way and manipulate him ‘He fucked me again until he was sore’. Duffy shows in order for Delilah to get what she wants she needs to give her knowledge in love and ‘how to care’. Also the reader has acknowledgement of how it relates to the biblical story. Delilah and Little Red Cap both show that the female gains power, as the poems show verse gender roles. The reader explores how in both poems Delilah and Little Red Cap have to hurt their lover in some way.‘I took an axe to the wolf as he slept, one chop, scrotum to throat’. This quote is shows how Little Red Cap is now independent and does not need a man to be able to live a good life, also the quote shows the wolf had no compassion to help Little Red Cap and she had now realised this afte r ‘10 years’, also in Delilah Duffy presents how Delilah now has power to make her lover feel equal and to be just as strong as she is. ‘Then with passionate deliberate hands I cut every lock of his hair.’The biblical story of Delilah and Samson tells how Delilah betrayed Samson by cutting his hair, as the hair gave Samson the power he needed to be able to fight against the beasts, Duffy presents this point in a different view, from Delilah’s side and how she thought what she was doing was actually benefiting him, as Samson wanted to care and be afraid. Duffy gives Delilah an innocent, loving character twisting what actually happens in Delilah and Samson. In both poems ‘Little Red Cap’ and ‘Delilah’ they both cut something of their lovers body, showing that the women have gained power by mentally and physically hurting the men.In the poems ‘Mrs Rip Van Winkle’ & ‘Penelope’ Duffy explores how woman c an enjoy and be fulfilled without male presence. ‘Mrs Rip Van Winkle’ can finally relax and be herself ‘I sank like a stone†¦and gave up exercise’ Duffy adds humour with light comedy housewives can relate to. The quote shows how ‘Mrs Rip Van Winkle’ can now indulge and let herself go, as she doesn’t have anyone to impress. Her husband sleeps and she is free from having to please him.. ‘And while he slept I found some hobbies for myself Painting. Seeing the sights I’d always dreamed about.’ Duffy emphasises’ how before when Mr Rip Van Winkle was awake, he had dominance over her, as she delicately picked the verb ‘dreamed’ as the male had been very dominant before falling asleep not giving her opportunities she would have thought to be able to do when she had been married. Her husband sounds like a very boring man that views women as objects as she had no way of travelling the world until he was fast asleep. In contrast Penelope starts off with needing male companionship and ending with independence and lost love.‘At first I looked along the road hoping to see him saunter home’ Duffy makes Penelope a dependent, loving female who has devoted her life to her husband as she cannot live without him. ‘At first’ implies that Penelope will later on give up on waiting for her husband, and that she will find something else to do that is wiser with her time. The fast that Carol Ann Duffy uses ‘hoping’ shows that her lover isn’t coming back home any time soon, or she would have used a verb that made the audience more certain. We see as the poem goes on that Penelope starts to gain self-fulfilment by creating a hobby for her in order to forget her husband.‘Thinking to amuse myself†¦running after childhood’s bouncing ball’ Penelope now has the freedom to finally do what she wants to like Mrs Rip Van Winkle by being creative and not having a male companion. Penelope uses her skill of embroidery as an escape for not worrying or caring about her husband, she finally feels free and liberated, which shows how her husband had affected her lifestyle. In both poems ‘Anne Hathaway and ‘The Devils’ Wife’ we see how women can be in such awe by their male equivalent that they are misguided by the flaws every other person can see.In Anne Hathaway, Shakespeare’s wife feels so grateful for something that is pretty normal and not much of a gift to other people. ‘my widows head as he held me upon that next best bed’ The humour in this poem is seen as a significant concept as of how love-struck Anne Hathaway is seen in Carol Ann Duffy’s view of Shakespeare’s fancy gift to his wife. Duffy represents Anne Hathaway as quite a delusional character and who is not smart enough to realise how much of an uncaring person Shakespeare is towards her.‘In â⠂¬ËœAnne Hathaway', readers are shown that Hathaway, the suppressed and often forgotten wife of play write William Shakespeare, is content with being left his ‘second best bed' in Shakespeare's will. As well as in ‘The devils Wife’ we are shown how much Myra Hindley will do to be able to catch and feel Ian Brady’s love. ‘I’d lay on my bed at home, on fire for him. ’ Even though she knew what her morals were, just for Ian she would go to such extremes to be respected and loved by him, even if her dignity was lost and was seen as disgusting she had done it in awe of her lover Ian Brady.She is not remorseful as she knows Ian Brady is her lover, so she becomes very submissive and looks up to him in awe. In conclusion the main themes expressed in Carol Ann Duffys ‘The Worlds Wife’ are linked with her views on feminism and how Women should be just as equal to Men, emphasising how Females need a voice in society too, Carol Ann Duff y uses humour and factual reference to get the reader’s attention. [1]- â€Å"Small Female Skull: Patriarchy and Philosophy In the Poetry of Carol Ann Duffy† in the Poetry of Carol Ann Duffy ‘Choosing Tough Words' edited by Angelica Michelis and Antony Rowland.

Activity Based Costing of City Services Essay

Required: 1. The new mayor became elected with the pledge of rapid privatization. But instead of downright privatization, his first action was to ask for cost estimation of public service. Why do you think he asked for cost estimation instead of privatizing the public service right away? Was it a sensible action? 2. Existing DOT employees were allowed to bid against private businesses. Was it a sensible decision? For example, they could have been just fired. 3. How well did the project team implement ABC for estimating the cost of pothole filling? Do you agree with the manner in which they treated equipment cost and excess capacity? 4. Should the city have allowed the municipal employees to see the ABC estimates and given them the opportunity to reduce their costs? 5. Calculate the bids the city workers will issue for fixing potholes in the Northwest and Northeast quadrants. 6. The new mayor wants to continue to outsource city services through competitive bidding. Do you think that’s a good idea? What are the concerns the city should consider? Colorscope, Inc. Instruction: 1. What was the value statement of Colorscope to customers? In other words, why would any customer go to Colorscope instead of other large printers? We are going to analyze cost structure of Colorscope using a departmental cost allocation method. This is a two stage system. First categorize cost to different production centers (= departments = Job prep, Scanning, Assembly, Output, and Quality). Then allocate cost in each center to a job in the second stage. 2. Complete the following first stage allocation. Job prep Wages $8,000 Depreciation Rent Others* Total MOH DLH POHR Floor space * allocated by DLH Scanning Assembly Output Quality Idle Total 3. Analyze the job profitability by filling out the following sheet with dollars. (Hint: Add labor cost and allocated MOH.) Job # 61001 61002 Revenue Materials Job prep $9,600 Scanning Assembly Output Quality Net profits 62001 Idle Total Profit Then summarize your findings. 4. Analyze the rework cost by filling out the following sheet for the jobs with a rework. Job # 61001 61002 Materials Job prep Scanning Assembly Output Quality Net profits 62001 Total What is the financial consequence of reworks? (Hint: compare the profits before and after reworks.) 5. What would you recommend to Colorscope Inc. to improve their business?

Discuss how moving-image(film and tv) based knowledge, drama and Essay

Discuss how moving-image(film and tv) based knowledge, drama and speaking and listening can contribute to pupil self confidence as readers and writers in the light of your study of Macbeth - Essay Example Exposure to the media and technology has increased manifolds in the present age as compared to the past. A major portion of the daily routine is dedicated to an individual’s interaction with the moving image in the form of the theatre, drama or movie. This practice serves to enhance the comprehension of the viewer and his perception is modified accordingly. The viewer analyzes what is projected in the media and in the context of his personal knowledge and experience in the subject matter and therefore starts to interact with the moving image. The greater exposure to moving image and the natural liking humans have for the same has materialized a need for using the moving image as a means of taking an individual’s perception of the literature to the next level. Moving image has a lot of potential to modify an individual’s attitude toward literature in the way in which it facilitates him to grasp the fundamental concepts of literature. Hence, use of the moving image in schools as a tool for developing the students’ interest and involvement in literature is indeed, a realization of the changing demands of education in the today’s media age. Owing to the strong relation of moving image with the cognitive learning, the need for its inclusion in the curriculum is largely felt. It is widely recognized as a new dimension of literacy, often referred to as cineliteracy and is defined as, â€Å"The ability to analyze moving images, to talk about how they work, and to imagine their creative potential, drawing upon a wide film and television viewing experience as well as on practical skills†. (British Film Institute, 2000). In order to gain full advantage of the moving image for educational purposes, it is imperative that the language of moving image is recognized as a separate field that needs to be explored not only by the students but also by the

Article response paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Response paper - Article Example The outcome of the study gives a clear indication that people can understand vocally expressed emotions despite linguistic abilities, even though culture and the linguistic abilities affect the level to which the emotions can be understood to some extent. Personal Observations/Comments Prior to reading this article, I was aware, albeit I had no quite thought about it that I can identify a person’s emotions based on his or her speech. This article reinforces this knowledge; the authors state that listeners respond to changes in pitch, tone, loudness, quality, and rhythm as a person speaks, forming an impression about the speaker’s emotional state. In a study carried out in 2001, four German actors addressed native people from nine different languages. The outcome of the study indicated that sixty six percent of the participants were able to identify emotional instances such as sadness, fear, joy, anger, and neutral utterances correctly (Pell, Monetta, Paulmann, & Kotz, 2 009, p. 108). The study also confirmed that natives perform better in identifying emotions in their native languages than across new languages. It was also evident that listeners whose native languages were similar to German, the language used by the actors, also identified the emotions better than those from languages with no close relations to German. The article pinpoints that the proper identification of emotions in speech is brought about by vocal cues, rather than linguistic features (Pell, Monetta, Paulmann, & Kotz, 2009, p. 116).This is because utterances are different across different languages. However, most vocal cues are universal, cutting across societies speaking different languages. Nevertheless, it is important to note that some vocal cues are localized to certain cultures due to differences in culture and other social beliefs (Pell, Monetta, Paulmann, & Kotz, 2009, p. 116). Differences in linguistics such as intonation, accent, or rhythm, may also result in differen ces in interpretation. The fact that many researches carried out on the influences of linguistic differences on identification of emotions offer conflicting results means that the effects are subjective. The successful identification of emotional activity is dependent on the audience. Some people may identify certain emotions in a speaker’s speech while others would find no emotion on it. Finally, the successful identification of emotions is dependent on the emotions to be identified. According to findings indicated in the article, seventy three percent of listeners across the language divide were able to identity anger; 66% sadness, with the lowest being disgust at 42%. This is consistent with literature documented by various scholars. Research has also showed no evidence on increased or reduced ability to identify emotions while referring to particular languages; each language displayed a distinct variance from the others, once again indicating that such inferences are subj ective. Excerpts from the Article i. â€Å"†¦The authors found that all listener groups recognized fear,, joy, sadness, anger, and â€Å"neutral† utterances strictly from prosody at above chance accuracy levels† (Pell, Monetta, Paulmann, & Kotz, 2009, p. 108). This excerpt demonstrates that audiences were able to identify emotions from speech positively, giving credence to the concept of

Male Hysteria' in Showalter's The Female Malady Essay

Male Hysteria' in Showalter's The Female Malady - Essay Example They say that these characteristics, coupled with some environmental issues trigger hysteria. For a long time, until recently, stories of hysteria were told by men, and in these stories, the women were portrayed not as the heroines, but as the victims. But as more research was done by various psychoanalysts, different opinions and observations came to light. The main one being that hysteria could not only be linked to women but could also be a male condition, or a condition general for individuals, irrespective of gender, who feel that they are silenced by society or powerless against it. According to texts, male hysteria has always been considered a shameful condition, and male hysterics are seen as unmanly and weak (Showalter, p180). They say it is as if the feminine component associated with hysteria is itself a symptom. In A System of Medicine by John Russell Reynolds, it is argued that hysterical men or boys are either of morally or mentally feminine constitution. The stereotypes and prejudices that were protested at some point are alive and still being used against mal e hysterics. An analyst notes that a hysterical man is described as one who behaves like a woman. In her book, Showalter included one study she made on Emile Batualt, a French researcher. According to the study, Batualt observations were focused on hysterical men found in Salpetriere’s special ward. Here, the male patients were fearful and timid. Their gazes were not piercing or lively. They were languorous, poetic and soft. Eccentric and coquettish, they preferred scarves and ribbons to manual labor (Showalter, p172). With these kinds of expectations, doctors were finding it difficult to accept the diagnosis of hysteria in men who seemed virile. The image of a hysteric in psychiatric literature is described to depict that the man would be closely described as a passive homosexual. This advances the image created of male hysteria, which brings

Economic Interdependence and the Emergence of Globalization Research Paper

Economic Interdependence and the Emergence of Globalization - Research Paper Example Mexico, a developing country in the Western Hemisphere and member of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), will be used as a case study to explore the ramifications of realist-inspired neoliberalism and the effects of globalization on a country in the developing world. Furthermore, the effects of the international economic system will be discussed with reference to China, a formerly socialist state in the processing of liberalizing its economy and opening up to the global economic community. Globalization, as it exists today, rests largely on the shoulders of neoliberal economics and the global entrenchment of capitalism as the dominant economic system in the world. Inspired by Realist ideological doctrine, neo-liberalism is the belief in laissez-faire economics and its early proponents were Margaret Thatcher in the United Kingdom and Ronald Reagan in the United States in the 1980s. US President Ronald Regan famously remarked, "government was not the solution but the problem" (Hobsbawm 1994). Neo-liberals put all of their faith in the distributive capabilities of the invisible hand of the free market, and believe that business was inherently good and that government bad. The government was longer interested in the provision of welfare but existed to stimulate the capitalist economic market. The United States under Ronald Reagan was thus described as the "greatest of the neo-liberal regimes" (Hobsbawm 1994).   How did neoliberalism, the dominant political and economic ideology of the West since the Reagan years make inroads around the world and into the formerly Communist countries of Eastern Europe' The Second World, consisting of the global Communist community during the Cold War, was severely undermined by economic and political crises which began in the late 1960s. The result was a political and economic disorder. Economic crises undermined the political foundations of states like China and the USSR - particularly after the deaths of men such as Mao & Brezhnev - and the centrally planned economic systems of these countries remained under stress and increasingly precarious. The Soviet world was also not immune to global economic crises as evidenced by the effects of the OPEC crisis of 1973. These aftershocks paved the way for perestroika and glasnost in the USSR, the implosion of Yugoslavia and popular Chinese dissent expressed in Tiananmen Square and captured live on camera. The political and economic fragilities of the Second World were exposed following 1968 and slowly led to political decay, leading to the eventual implosion of the Soviet Union.  

Sincerity and Professional Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Sincerity and Professional Ethics - Essay Example From early childhood, ethics are being taught and understood so that one makes them a part of his/her personality and do not get diverted from them at later stages. Moral values like speaking of truth always, obeying of elders and sincerity for others are some basic ethics which are expected from every individual in his/her personal and professional life. The difference line between ethics and immorality is as simple as what to do and what not to do to become a good human being and a beneficial part of the society. Ethics are needed to be followed in every mode of life, from homes to workplace, from high business dealings to small private jobs; personal and professional ethics are of extreme consideration and importance and people who follow these are highly acknowledged. These are not meant to be known only rather these are meant for understanding and correctly implementing at proper occasions. A good life is based upon a correct set of norms and values which define its code of ethics. These norms and values are not individual sets of political, religious or social basis rather they reflect logical point of views which must be adapted in order to have a better life for self and for others. These ethics are universally accepted as these are independent of culture, society or religion. Philosophically, ethics are termed as determination of right and wrong and involve such decisions which identify the borders and limits of do’s don’ts. These demand reason and logics to be followed in real life so that one can live an easy and contended life (Fletcher 1966). Simple moral ethics include taking care of sick, obeying of elders, avoiding lies, fair dealings etc. All these are common in every society and every religion of the world. Professional Ethics No doubt that ethics are given privilege at any place and at any level of like, but professional ethics are of partic ular importance in this regard. Professionalism is a very main aspect of life in which more than half of the population of the world is involved. A person who goes to a work place to earn for life is termed as a professional, particularly who have some skills and expertise by which he/she can serve the organizations with what he/she is affiliated. Since professionals are specialists of their corresponding fields, they can perform such activities and functions which an ordinary person and general public cannot, since they have the knowledge and expertise. The way in which a professional use his/her knowledge and conduct his/her self at his/her workplace is known as professional ethics and morals. These ethics are a predefined set of rules which every professional should adapt so as to become a nice colleague, a good subordinate, a better manager and a beneficial part of the organization for what he/she works. For different professionals, there are different codes of ethics which they have to follow in order to serve the society well. For examples, doctors have to take an oath by which they are bound to serve the humanity at all costs and by the best of their knowledge and expertise. They must prefer patients upon self and make their best efforts to cure them. Other professionals like engineers, IT professionals, teachers, scientists etc have different professional ethics which are sometimes defined by the corresponding work organizations. Social organizations like Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IEEE define a code of ethics for all professionals. According to that, all IEEE members are bound to show responsibility in enhancing such technologies which are beneficial to the general

Background introduction to Romans Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Background introduction to Romans - Essay Example Written in A.D. 56-58, in Corinth, [Unger, 1959] Paul sought to address an audience of predominantly Greek and gentile followers, in a time when Christianity was still emerging from its origins in Judaism. The period it was written in can be easily and accurately verified in that it has dated mentions of the apostle's sojourns to Jerusalem on philanthropic missions [Rom15: 25], and repeated references of this particular epistle in Corinthian, which was written around the A.D. 57. The venue of authorship is proven beyond doubt as well: Through this gospel, Paul tried to reach out to the church in Rome that he had not visited so far, and attempted to establish a connection by praising the inmates and referring to his old acquaintances. This epistle is not meant to be a comment on an existing situation, like the one addressed to the Corinthians. It broadly engages in topics pertaining to theology, and its message can be found in the line: "The Gospel . . . is the power of God for salvation to everyone who has faith, to the Jew first and also to the Greek. For in it the righteousness of God is revealed through faith for faith" [Rom1: 16-17]. The faithful in those years were separated by long distances, and were more or less disparate communities being touched up

Microsoft Corp.s Pricing Policies Essay Example for Free

Microsoft Corp.s Pricing Policies Essay Executive Summary This case study focused on the Microsoft Corporation and charges made by their competitors, the Federal Trade Commission, and the Department of Justice of antitrust violations and a monopoly of the computer operating systems and applications software, software development tools (e.g., programming language software), and hardware peripherals (e.g., Microsoft Mouse) that Microsoft specializes in. It focused on numerous issues that would lead one to believe that Microsoft was in fact monopolizing the entire industry they were in. . In order to adequately discuss and analyze the issues of this case, I have broken this paper up into four separate sections. Section 1 Key Terms Concepts: Description of the key terms concepts that pertain to this case Section 2 The Case Against Microsoft: Identify the facts and information that support my case against Microsoft Section 3 The Defense of Microsoft: Identify certain facts and information that support a defense of Microsoft Section 4 Discussion: What I have learned from the case After reading this case study, I went back to the email that I received from you and went over the questions that you suggested we consider. The first question was: If you were the DOJ how would you build a case against Microsoft or a dominant leader? I will attempt to do this in Section 2 The Case Against Microsoft. The second question was: If you were Microsoft how might you defend yourself against DOJ claims? I will cover this in Section 3 The Defense of Microsoft. I will attempt to show why it was very necessary for the DOJ to bring a case of monopoly and antitrust violations against Microsoft. In doing this, I will attempt to put myself into Microsofts shoes and defend their claims that they have not created a monopoly. Section 1 1. Key Terms Concepts The reason I decided to include these terms and concepts was to make it easier for me to write this paper and use certain terms without describing them each time I used them in my paper. Department of Justice, Antitrust Division: The Assistant Attorney General for Antitrust, a presidential appointee, ran the Antitrust Division of the DoJ. When the Division thought the evidence was sufficiently persuasive, it brought criminal charges. The Division also entered into negotiations with businesses to end litigation in exchange for consent decrees in civil cases, or nolo contendere (no contest) please in criminal cases DOJ: Department of Justice: The United States Department of Justice (DOJ) is a Cabinet department in the United States government designed to enforce the law and defend the interests of the United States according to the law and to ensure fair and impartial administration of justice for all Americans (http://en.wikipedia. Org /wiki / United_States_Department_of_Justice) DOS: Disc Operating System FTC Federal Trade Commission: The FTC enforces federal antitrust and consumer protection laws by investigating complaints against individual companies initiated by consumers, businesses, congressional inquiries, or reports in the media (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission) ISVs: Independent Software Vendors MS-DOS: Microsoft Operating Systems NDAs: Non-disclosure agreements OEMs: Original Equipment Manufacturers OS: Operating Systems PC: Personal Computer Sherman Anti-Trust Act: it made illegal any form of contract or combination between entities in regards to trade and commerce that would have the effect of restraining trade. And it also put responsibility on government attorneys and district courts to pursue and investigate trusts http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/ Sherman _ Antitrust_Act) The Clayton Act of 1914: The Clayton Act was designed to prevent monopoly in the beginning rather than to remedy its effects. To accomplish this goal, Congress authorized antitrust prosecutions whenever business practices maysubstantially lessen competition or tend to create a monopoly in any line of commerce, in any section of the country. Section Two of the act forbade sellers from discriminating in price selling goods of like grade and quality to different buyers at different prices when such differences were neither cost justified nor necessary to meet competition. Section Three limited the use of tying and exclusive dealing contracts. Tying contracts required purchasers or leases to acquire a second, separate product in order to obtain the desired product. Exclusive dealing contracts obliged a purchaser or lessee not to deal in products of competitors Vaporware: is software or hardware which is announced by a developer well in advance of release, but which then fails to emerge, either with or without a protracted development cycle. The term implies deception, or at least a negligent degree of optimism; that is, it implies that the announcer knows that product development is in too early a stage to support responsible statements about its completion date, feature set, or even feasibility (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaporware) Section 2 2. The Case Against Microsoft In order to make my case against Microsoft and prove that they are most assuredly in violation of monopoly and anti-trust regulations, I will answer the following questions: 1. Is this a case of monopoly? 2. Is this case a violation of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act? Is this a case of monopoly? When I began considering my approach to this paper, I first thought about situations where I was absolutely sure I had been the victim of a monopoly. In order to do this, I first had to make sure that I fully understood exactly what a monopoly was. The American Heritage ® Dictionary defines a monopoly as Exclusive control by one group of the means of producing or selling a commodity or service. In simpler terms, I have always thought of a monopoly as a big corporation doing its best to screw-over the little guy (A.K.A the customer) by doing its best to make as much money as possible. The first situation that came to mind when I thought of a monopoly was how the Comcast cable company had a virtual strangle-hold on the cable service in my homes area. Since they had exclusive control of the means of producing or selling a commodity or service, in this case they were the only cable provider in our area, you were forced to settle for Comcasts service unless you had satellite television or you were willing to settle for the wonderfully fuzzy reception from the antiquated rabbit ear antennas of years past. As a result, we unfortunately had to deal with Comcasts horrible service and always rising rates. Luckily for us, another competitor came in to the picture when WOW! (Wide Open West Internet-Cable-Phone) set up service in our area. We switched cable providers almost immediately and we couldnt have been happier. They have provided excellent customer service and their rates are consistently lower  than Comcasts. As a consumer, we definitely benefited from the increased competition and eventual abolishment of the cable company monopoly in our area. With that out of the way, I was forced to look at whether or not Microsoft had a monopoly in their particular industry. Based on the information in this case, I cannot say that Microsoft has a monopoly on any single entire industry. Do they dominate the majority of endeavors that they choose to participate in? Of course they do. Just look at some of these numbers: As you can see from Table 1, Microsoft dominates the market shares of suite software in the United States. The only problem with these numbers is the fact that they are limited in their time range. In my experience, three years is a long enough time to make an approximate forecast for future happenings, from a financial standpoint. However, that is from a transportation and supply-chain perspective where the main variable happens to be the customers shipping fluctuations. In a volatile and constantly evolving market such as software development, these numbers could sway tremendously with the introduction of a new and sought after product or changes in consumer wants and desires. Table 2 shows the financial numbers of Microsoft and three of their competitors: This also tells a lot about Microsofts market dominance, but this time from a financial standpoint. Two things that stand out to me in this table are the fact that Microsoft has almost twice as much net revenue than their nearest competitor (Microsoft has 4,649 and Novell has 1,998). The second thing that jumped out to me is the fact that all of the competitors show an increase in net revenue from 1984 to 1994. Based on the growth of Microsofts competitors (which there are more than one), I feel confident in saying that Microsoft does not have a monopoly in their industry. They do not meet the standard set forth by the simple definition in the dictionary of Exclusive control by one group of the means of producing or selling a commodity or service. As you can clearly see from the tables, Microsoft  does not have exclusive control of the means of producing or selling a commodity or service. However, Microsoft does in fact hold a monopoly on many other counts, one of which is that Microsoft Windows, the Microsoft OS, is installed on most personal computers that can be purchased from Dell, Hewlett Packard, Compaq, and the like. Because this OS comes pre-installed, we as the consumers do not have much of a choice and there is not much of an alternative for us to go with unless we want to switch to an Apple Macintosh OS. Although Microsoft isnt a natural monopoly in the classically defined or economic sense that Ive identified above, it is a natural monopoly in the land of cyberspace. Microsoft is the path of least resistance for government, consumers, and programmers alike. Microsoft may have many faults, but they make a lot of things easier too. Most of us are willing to accept a monopoly such as Microsoft has for increased convenience and usability. Microsoft is a one-product company, no matter how it may sometimes appear. Their success is fundamentally due to the success of Windows. It rose to power with one product, and it resides there because of the success of that product. Unfortunately for us, this is not only the best product on the market, it is the only true alternative for us to use. In my book, regardless of the textbook definition, this constitutes a monopoly by Microsoft. Is this a case a violation of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act? As I stated in Section 1, the Sherman Anti-Trust Act makes illegal any form of contract or combination between entities in regards to trade and commerce that would have the effect of restraining trade. Based on this case and the readings from week #7, there is proof that Microsoft did violate the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, particularly Sections 1 and 2 of the Act. Section One prohibited contracts, combinations and conspiracies in restraint of trade while Section Two outlawed monopolies and attempts to monopolize. Microsoft violated the Sherman Anti-Trust Act by illegally using its market power to restrain trade in the high tech industry. A filing from the DOJ on December 19, 1999 stated that Microsoft engaged in illegal conduct in five separate ways: * by tying browser sales to sales of the operating system; * by using its market power to illegally maintain a monopoly; * by attempting to monopolize the browser market; * by imposing exclusive dealing arrangements between itself and Internet service providers and/or developers; and * by imposing first boot-up and screen restrictions on computer makers. http://news.com.com/2100-1001-233992.html The DOJ filing in December of 1999 shows exactly why Microsoft was in violation of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. Some of the things that Microsoft has done that clearly violate the act include, but are certainly not limited to: Microsoft customers upgrading their copies of Microsoft Office at the Microsoft website, but using the competitions web browser, are greeted with a message insisting on the use of MSIE for the full edition of the update. On November 18, 1998 the digital greeting card company Blue Mountain Arts discovered that beta versions of Microsofts Outlook Express (which comes free with Internet Explorer) were automatically filing Blue Mountains e-mail greeting cards into the junk folder rather than the inbox. Shortly afterwards, Blue Mountain Arts discovered that Microsofts WebTV service was blocking their e-mail greeting cards as well. When the courts ordered Microsoft to ship Windows without an integrated Internet Explorer, the company complied by offering a non-functional version of the OS, claiming that the browser was now so completely  integrated into Windows to remove it was tantamount to breaking the operating system. -All three of these examples were taken from the following website: http://www.vcnet. com /bms/departments/dirtytricks.shtml To summarize, Ive identified the following facts: Microsoft does have a monopoly in their industry Microsoft did violate Acts 1 and 2 of the Sherman Anti-trust Act It is convenient for Microsoft to say that their success is solely based on them being able to produce good products. Although they do devote extraordinary resources to improving their technologies, they also work diligently to stifle growth and in-roads from their competition. Section 3 3. The Defense of Microsoft I am not going to spend a great deal of time attempting to defend Microsoft. They have spent millions and millions of dollars working tirelessly to do it themselves. Furthermore, I firmly believe that they have established a monopoly and that this monopoly serves to futher one parties interests: Microsofts. However, I did some research online and came up with the following paragraph from an article titled The Microsoft Antitrust Suit written by Peter Tracey. In it, he wrote The persecution of Microsoft is an assault on the free market, and on the intelligence of the American people. It is the result of long-held envy by Microsofts competitors, including Netscape and Oracle. It is in violation of the constitution, being both ex post facto and vague (Getman). The governments persecution of Microsoft should be stopped, moreover, the antitrust legislation that has exposed business to unfair and unreasonable practices should be repealed. (http://www.levelthreesolutions.com/ peter/msantitrust.html) In Microsofts opinion, the government should not get involved in determining what means a company uses to produce their products. They feel that they have been able to succeed through hard work, tenancity, and superior products. Although it may be unfortunate for their competitiors, Microsoft feels that if you cant stand the heat, stay out of the kitchen. In essence, Microsoft makes the most money doing what they do by taking solid ideas from other people, such as the Disc Operating System, and making them better. Microsoft doesnt monopolize the industry. They simply work harder, take risks, and capitalize where other companies have floundered. Section 4 4. Discussion Before I discuss this particular case study, I must tell you that I have always been a big fan of Microsoft and Bill Gates. I have enjoyed the relatively cheap cost of Microsofts software such as Microsoft Excel and Word. I have also felt that with each successive upgrade of these products I have only been able to improve my performance both at work and school. I also thought it was impressive that Bill Gates could take his ideas, push forward with his undefeatable will, and become one of the richest people in the entire world. However, this case study and the analysis that Ive done with it has really opened my eyes to the seamy side of Microsoft and Bill Gates. I was so moved by this case that I even went and downloaded one of Microsofts few internet browser competitors, Netscape, to compare its product with Internet Explorer. When my wife asked me what my paper was I about I told her it was about Microsoft and whether or not they were a monopoly in the industry. Her very quick and wry response said it so perfectly: Duh, of course they are. Even I know that. I think this says it all so succinctly. Do I think Microsoft needs to be disbanded or separated in to two different operating companies? Not really. Like I said before, I enjoy Microsofts products and I use them constantly. In fact, I am writing  this paper using one of Microsofts products, Microsoft Word. I just honestly think that fair competition and a level playing field for Microsofts competitors would only benefit the consumer in the long run. More people with new insights will be given the chance to expand the technology already in place. Too many companies are skittish about taking on Microsoft because of the monopoly and the fear of being annihilated. Finally, I have learned that cases of anti-trust and monopoly are not always as clear cut as one may think. I always thought that Microsoft had a clear monopoly and that there was nothing any of us could ever do to remedy it. I also really didnt care as long as they continued to improve Windows and the accompanying Office Suite. I can see now that competition in all economic arenas, whether it is cable television or fast-food or computer software, is important, no vital, for lower prices and increased technological growth.

Ashton DeShazier Essay Example for Free

Ashton DeShazier Essay My name is Ashton DeShazier. I was born in Selmer, Tennessee. I am now from the small town of Lexington, Tennessee, but my dreams have never been small. I cannot remember ever wanting any other career than that of a doctor. Soon after my birth, Mother became a single mom. She had to work full-time to support us. I learned early the value of hard work, but this is just a small part of what she has given me. Throughout my life, my mother has been there for me at all times, through all circumstances, and especially when no one else was. She is my Rock of Gibraltar whenever a problem occurs. She has taught me the importance of motherhood, dedication to work, and loyalty to those you love. I learn quickly, and academics come easily to me. I also began setting other goals for myself in elementary school. In the sixth grade at Caywood Elementary, my goal was to be a cheerleader. I not only met, but also exceeded my goal by becoming the Junior Varsity Cheerleading squad captain. I continued in the sport of cheer leading, once again becoming captain in the eighth grade. I was chosen for the Junior Beta Club in seventh and eighth grade as well. During this same time period, I became a member of â€Å"Show Choir,† a musical group at Caywood that performed Christmas and spring shows for the community-at- large, and the elderly in nursing homes in particular. My junior high years ended with me joining Drama, receiving one of the leading parts in an important play, and receiving the honor of Homecoming Princess. I began my high school career at Lexington High School. I continued to set goals for myself, but now with college in my sites. I reaffirmed my dedication to becoming a doctor, knowing I would never let this dream slip away. Vanderbilt is looking for prospective students who are leaders. I demonstrated throughout high school that leadership is one of my greatest assets. I attended Lexington High School the entire four years. From my freshman through my senior years, I was on the Competition Dance Team and an active member in D. A. R. E. For three years I was in both Drama and Beta, an organization requiring a cumulative GPA of at least 95. My ability to accept more responsibility resulted in me committing to additional groups and committees throughout the four years. These groups included World Travelers, Spanish Club(as President), Beta Upsilon Mu Sorority, Senior Committee, and Annual Staff. Additionally, I joined Renaissance. Admittance is based on academic excellence, superior behavior, and attendance records. I am a member of both the Honor Society and the Future Community and Career Leaders of America(FCCLA). At the end of my junior year, it was time to choose my classes for the next year. While many of my friends chose to end their high school years with easy classes, I chose many of the hardest classes offered. I knew that to achieve my goals of attending Vanderbilt and medical school, I could not take the easy road. I know the work will be hard and the challenges great, and I am anxious to prove myself worth. Acceptance at Vanderbilt is very important to me, and I will not accept anything less. I have considered many different schools, but I always return to Vanderbilt University as my only choice. What attracts me most is Vanderbilt’s high standards and reputation for excellence, traits I have honed and maintained throughout my schooling. Preparing to become a doctor means many more years of education, and I must learn from the best. My name is Ashton DeShazier. I was born in Selmer, Tennessee. I am now from the small town of Lexington, Tennessee, but my dreams have never been small. I cannot remember ever wanting any other career than that of a doctor. Soon after my birth, Mother became a single mom. She had to work full-time to support us. I learned early the value of hard work, but this is just a small part of what she has given me. Throughout my life, my mother has been there for me at all times, through all circumstances, and especially when no one else was. She is my Rock of Gibraltar whenever a problem occurs. She has taught me the importance of motherhood, dedication to work, and loyalty to those you love. I learn quickly, and academics come easily to me. I also began setting other goals for myself in elementary school. In the sixth grade at Caywood Elementary, my goal was to be a cheerleader. I not only met, but also exceeded my goal by becoming the Junior Varsity Cheerleading squad captain. I continued in the sport of cheer leading, once again becoming captain in the eighth grade. I was chosen for the Junior Beta Club in seventh and eighth grade as well. During this same time period, I became a member of â€Å"Show Choir,† a musical group at Caywood that performed Christmas and spring shows for the community-at- large, and the elderly in nursing homes in particular. My junior high years ended with me joining Drama, receiving one of the leading parts in an important play, and receiving the honor of Homecoming Princess. I began my high school career at Lexington High School. I continued to set goals for myself, but now with college in my sites. I reaffirmed my dedication to becoming a doctor, knowing I would never let this dream slip away. Vanderbilt is looking for prospective students who are leaders. I demonstrated throughout high school that leadership is one of my greatest assets. I attended Lexington High School the entire four years. From my freshman through my senior years, I was on the Competition Dance Team and an active member in D. A. R. E. For three years I was in both Drama and Beta, an organization requiring a cumulative GPA of at least 95. My ability to accept more responsibility resulted in me committing to additional groups and committees throughout the four years. These groups included World Travelers, Spanish Club(as President), Beta Upsilon Mu Sorority, Senior Committee, and Annual Staff. Additionally, I joined Renaissance. Admittance is based on academic excellence, superior behavior, and attendance records. I am a member of both the Honor Society and the Future Community and Career Leaders of America(FCCLA). At the end of my junior year, it was time to choose my classes for the next year. While many of my friends chose to end their high school years with easy classes, I chose many of the hardest classes offered. I knew that to achieve my goals of attending Vanderbilt and medical school, I could not take the easy road. I know the work will be hard and the challenges great, and I am anxious to prove myself worth. Acceptance at Vanderbilt is very important to me, and I will not accept anything less. I have considered many different schools, but I always return to Vanderbilt University as my only choice. What attracts me most is Vanderbilt’s high standards and reputation for excellence, traits I have honed and maintained throughout my schooling. Preparing to become a doctor means many more years of education, and I must learn from the best.

Advice On Wsh Legal Compliance Issues

Advice On Wsh Legal Compliance Issues The company is planning to set up a new plant/factory/shipyard/worksite in Singapore. The new plant/factory/shipyard/worksite located in Tuas. The company will be recruiting a few hundred local and foreign workers. The new plant/factory/shipyard/worksite utilizes the following items for its production processes: Mechanical and/or hydraulic machines Material handling equipment such as forklifts and/or reach trucks Lifting equipment such as overhead cranes and/or tower cranes Pressure vessels such as boilers, air receiver, steam receivers, etc. Laboratory facilities for testing and quality control Warehouses or storage yards Various types of hazardous chemicals and/or flammable substances Task: The task requires each candidate to submit a written report on advising on WSH legal compliance issues basing on the above situations. Written Report: The research project requires each candidate to derive or collect from their workplace a portfolio of evidences on the following items: Identify the relevant and other legal requirements applicable to safety and health issues. (PC1.1, UK1) Identify the WSH legal and other responsibilities and liabilities of stakeholders. (PC1.2, UK2) Explain the WSH legal and other responsibilities and liabilities to relevant stakeholders. (PC1.3) Communicate with stakeholders on the implications of the WSH legal and other requirements in accordance with organizational procedures. (PC1.5, UK4) Gather workplace information and practices relevant for the assessment of compliance with WSH legal and other requirements. (PC2.1, UK5) Identify gaps between workplace practices and the applicable WSH legal and other requirements. (PC2.2) Recommend actions to be taken by the relevant stakeholders to comply with WSH legal and other requirements. (PC2.3, UK7) Advise relevant stakeholders in the application of relevant permits, licenses, approvals and other legal documents from respective government agencies. (PC2.4, UK6, 8) Advise stakeholders ways to assists them in maintaining compliance with applicable WSH legal and other requirements. (PC2.5, UK9) Identify means of getting updated on new or amended WSH legal and other requirements in a timely manner. (PC3.1, UK10) Interpret the new or amended WSH legal and other requirements accurately. (PC3.2) Clarify with the relevant authorities on the interpretation of new or amended legal and other requirements where applicable. (PC1.4, 3.3 UK3, 12) Determine the applicability of new or amended WSH legal and other requirements to stakeholders who seek advice on WSH legal requirements. (PC3.4) Assess workplace compliance with the new or amended WSH legal and other requirements. (PC3.5, UK11, 12) Advise on necessary actions needed to comply with new or amended WSH legal and other requirements. (PC3.6) Identify the relevant and other legal requirements applicable to safety and health issues. (PC1.1, UK1) 12. Clarify with the relevant authorities on the interpretation of new or amended legal and other requirements where applicable. (PC1.4, 3.3 UK3, 12) Government Agencies Acts and Legislations Area of Application (Eg. MOM, SCDF, NEA, etc.) (Provide list and titles of Acts and Regulations) (- Describe the application of each Act or Regulations. Also briefly explain what each of the Act and Regulations are about) MOM Workplace Safety And Health (Registration of Factories) Regulations 2008 Any organization/person who wants to occupy a piece of land or use any premises as a factory, falling within any of the classes of factories described in Part I or II of the First Schedule, shall apply to the Commissioner to register. The application (accompanied by particulars, information, statements and documents) to register the premise as a factory shall be sent to the Commissionerin such form and manner as he may require. The application has to be made at least one month before the factory starts operation. On receiving an application, the Commissioner will go through the details of application before deciding whether the premise is deem fit to be register as a factory. Upon successful application, the Commissioner will enter the factory in the register of factories and on successful payment of the fee specified in the Second Schedule, a certificate of registration will be issue to the applicant to certify the premise fit for operation. MOM WSH (General Provisions) Regulations 2006 This regulation is applicable to all factories and all owners of pressure vessel. This regulation describes the general safety rules and requirements which occupiers need to comply with. For instance, Regulation 4: Overcrowding, which require occupier to ensure that the workplace is not overcrowded so as to pose health and safety risk to the employees Regulation 6: Lighting, which require occupier to maintain and provide sufficient and suitable lighting, whether artificial or natural, for workers to engage in operation or walking. Regulation 10: Protection against excessive heat or cold and harmful radiations, which require the occupier take all reasonably practicable measures to ensure that employees at are protected from excessive heat or cold and harmful radiations. Regulation 14: Electrical installationand equipment, which require occupier to ensure that electrical installation and electrical equipment is of good made, non-faulty, well maintain and safe to use. Reasonably practicable measures have been taken by the occupier to protect against the risks of electric shock arising from or in connection with the use at work of any electrical installation or equipment in the factory. Etc. MOM WSH (First Aid) Regulations 2006 This regulation is applicable to all factories, laboratories, ship in harbour, premises within airport. This regulation describe what are the general requirements of a first aid box (what are the approved items, number of first aid boxes required against the number of employees), the requirements of first aider within the workplace, the number of first aider required within the workplace against the number of workers, and the general requirements for a first aid room. MOM WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006 This regulation is applicable to all workplaces covered under the First Schedule of the Act. This regulation specifies that risk an assessment has to be carried out at workplaces, with the RA documented and maintained. From the RA, what are the protective and control measures implemented to protect employees against the hazards and risks identified. MOM WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006 This regulation is applicable to all workplaces. This regulation requires occupier to report any accident/incident that result in injuries (injuries that resulting in more than 3 days MC or hospitalization for 1 day) and/or deaths, any dangerous occurrence (such as toppling of scaffold, toppling of tower crane, bursting of PUB gas pipe during excavation, etc.) and any occupational diseases suffered by an employee at the workplace. MOM WSH (Safety and Health Management System and Auditing) Regulations 2009 This regulation is applicable to all factories. This regulation describes: 1) The requirements to be approved as a workplace safety and health auditor. 2) The requirement of factories to undergo a third party audit (approved auditor by MOM) on the safety and health system. MOM WSH (Workplace Safety and Health Committees) Regulations 2008 This regulation is applicable to all factories. This regulation requires factories to form a WSH committee (the general requirements stated), whereby meeting should be carried to discuss on the health and safety issues within the workplace. The function of WSH committee is also clearly defined under this regulation. SCDF Fire Safety Act Section 20: Fire Certificate This act is applicable to owner or occupier of any public buildings such as offices, hospitals, shopping complexes, industrial buildings and private residential buildings that fall within a specified criterion. The Fire Certificate Scheme is to ensure that fire safety systems and fire safety measures are properly maintained, in good working condition and tested in accordance with the relevant codes of practices. SCDF Fire Safety (Fire Emergency Plan) Regulations This regulation is applicable to premises that are designated or fall within the class of premises designated by the Minister under Section 21(1) of the Act. This regulation describe the requirements of a emergency response plan within the workplace, which include, designation of one or more places within or outside the premises which is capable of accommodating all the occupants of the premises and which poses the least danger to the occupants of the premises in the event of fire to be used as an assembly area; the need of a fire safety committee; up to date records relating to reviews of the Fire Emergency Plan; conduct of fire evacuation drills; fire safety programmes are kept and maintained, etc. SCDF Fire Safety (Petroleum and Flammable Materials) regulations: License to store or keep petroleum or flammable materials. This regulation is applicable to premises that require to store or keep any petroleum or flammable material or both at any premises shall be made by the person intending to store or keep the petroleum or flammable material or both. This regulation states that no occupier shall store or keep, or cause to be stored or kept, any class of petroleum or any flammable material except: (a) in or on premises licensed for the storage or keeping of such petroleum or flammable material; (b) in such quantities and in such manner and subject to such conditions as may be prescribed in relation to such petroleum or flammable material; and (c) under the authority of and in accordance with the provisions of a licence from the Commissioner and every condition specified therein. SCDF Fire Safety (Petroleum and Flammable Materials) regulations: License to import petroleum or flammable materials. This regulation is applicable to occupier who wants to import of any class of petroleum or any flammable material in excess of the respective quantities specified in the Second Schedule. The regulations require the person importing such petroleum or flammable material to hold a licence from the Commissioner to import such petroleum or flammable material; and the person does not hold such a valid licence. Singapore Police Force Arms and Explosives (Explosive Precursors) Rules 2007: License to store explosive precursors. This regulation is applicable to occupier who wants to store explosive precursorsfor operation purposes. Singapore Police Force Arms and Explosives (Explosive Precursors) Rules 2007: Ad hoc license to import/export explosive precursors. This regulation is applicable to occupier who wants to import/export explosive precursors. The regulation requires the applicant to hold a dealers license before applying for a license to import or export arms or explosives. NEA Environmental Protection and Management (Hazardous Substances) (Amendment) Regulations 2009: Permission to store and use hazardous Substances. This regulation is applicable to a person who keeps or has in possession or under his control any hazardous substances specified in the Schedule. The regulation specify that the person shall be authorized to store and use hazardous substances under a permit or a license granted under section 22 of the Act to deal in hazardous substances under his possession. The person issued with the permit shall keep a record of the quantity of such substances and stored in a container based on the purpose or purposes stated in the permit. The container is designed, constructed and maintained in accordance with the code of practice and clearly labeled with restricted access to authorized personnel only. HSA Poisons Act, Chapter 234: Poisons Licence This regulation is applicable to a person who import, possess for sale, sell or offer for sale any poisons. Form A Poisons Licence is issued under the Poisons Act to allow the licensee to import, store and sell poisons by way of wholesale at the premises stated in the licence. The licensee for Form A Poisons Licence must be working full time for the company and be given the responsibilities and accountabilities for all poisons transactions. PUB Sewerage and Drainage (Trade Effluent) Regulations This regulation is applicable to factories. This regulation specifies the discharge limit and contents requirement of trade effluent that is coming out from the factories operation. The requirement of treating the trade effluent (installation of a treatment plant) before discharging the effluent and installing such sampling test points, inspection chambers, measuring devices, and recording and other apparatuses for monitoring. Identify the WSH legal and other responsibilities and liabilities of stakeholders. (PC1.2, UK2) Explain the WSH legal and other responsibilities and liabilities to relevant stakeholders. (PC1.3) Stakeholder (Organization Job position) Legal Responsibilities / Companys Job Description Liabilities Penalties / Offences List and identify at least FOURstakeholders in the company eg. Principal (WSH Manager); Subcontractor (ABC Construction Pte Ltd); Rigger (Tan Ah Seng); etc Describe and elaborate each stakeholder legal responsibilities as well as those set by the company in their job description. Elaborate the liabilities, penalties, and offences of each stakeholder as stipulated for the legislations) Occupier (Site Diector under the name Avnetis Pharma Mfg Pte Ltd) Legal responsibilities: It shall be the duty of every occupier of any workplace to take, so far as is reasonably practicable, such measures to ensure that a) the workplace; b) all means of access to or egress from the workplace; and c) any machinery, equipment, plant, article or substance kept on the workplace, are safe and without risks to health to every person within those premises, whether or not the person is at work or is an employee of the occupier. Company main HSE responsibilities: The Site Director has overall responsibility for the effective implementation of the HSE Policy. In compliance with the law, the Site Director shall: 1. Ensure the workplaces entrances and exits and any equipment, machinery, plant, article or substances are accessible, safe and risk-free. 2. Ensure the safety and health of his employees and personnel who may be indirectly affected in the workplace. WSH (General Provision) Regulations Fine not exceeding $20,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 2 years or to both WSH (Registration of Factories) Regulations Fine not exceeding $3,000 WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 1stoffence: Fine of not exceeding $5,000 2ndand subsequent offences: Fine of not exceeding $10,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 6 months or to both WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 1stoffence: Fine of not exceeding $10,000 2ndand subsequent offences: Fine of not exceeding $20,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 6 months or to both WSH (Workplace Safety and Health Committees) Regulations First offence: Fine of not exceeding $10,000 Second or subsequent offence: $20,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 6 months or to both WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations Fine not exceeding $20,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 2 years or to both WSH (Workplace Safety and Health Officers) Regulations First offence: $10,000 Continuing offence: a further fine not exceeding $1,000 for every day or part thereof during which the offence continues after conviction. Factories (Noise) Regulations Fines not exceeding $5,000 Fire Safety Act Fines not exceeding $5,000 Fire Safety (Building Fire Safety) Regulations Fine not exceeding $10,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 6 months or both Environmental Protection and Management (Hazardous Substances) (Amendment) Regulations Fine not exceeding $30,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 2 years or both Continuing offence: a further fine not exceeding $1,000 for everyday or part thereof during which the offence continues after conviction. Environmental Public Health Act Fine not exceeding $10,000 and in the case of a continuing offence, the sum of $500 for every day or part thereof during which the offence continues after conviction Employers (HODs) 1) It shall be the duty of every employer to take, so far as is reasonably practicable, such measures as are necessary to ensure the safety and health of his employees at work. 2) It shall be the duty of every employer to take, so far as is reasonably practicable, such measures as are necessary to ensure the safety and health of persons (not being his employees) who may be affected by any undertaking carried on by him in the workplace. 3) For the purposes of subsection (1), the measures necessary to ensure the safety and health of persons at work include a) providing and maintaining for those persons a work environment which is safe, without risk to health, and adequate as regards facilities and arrangements for their welfare at work; b) ensuring that adequate safety measures are taken in respect of any machinery, equipment, plant, article or process used by those persons; c) ensuring that those persons are not exposed to hazards arising out of the arrangement, disposal, manipulation, organization, processing, storage, transport, working or use of things i) in their workplace; or ii) near their workplace and under the control of the employer; d) developing and implementing procedures for dealing with emergencies that may arise while those persons are at work; and e) ensuring that the person at work has adequate instruction, information, training and supervision as is necessary for that person to perform his work. 4) Every employer shall, where required by the regulations, give to persons (not being his employees) the prescribed information about such aspects of the way in which he conducts his undertaking as might affect their safety or health while those person are at his workplace. Company main HSE responsibilities: 1. Providing a safe and healthy workplace. 2. Establishing a committee or designating a representative as needed. 3. Consulting and cooperating with the committee or reperesntative. 4. Providing the information and training needed to protect the health and safety of workers. 5. Ensuring that supervisors are competent and that supervisors provide competent supervision. 6. Arranging the regular examination of the workplace, tools and equipment to ensure their safety. 7. Ensuring that tools, machinery and equipment are properly maintained. 8. Enabling a committee or representative to inspect the workplace regularly. 9. Promptly correcting unsafe conditions and activities reported by the committee or representative. 10. Ensuring that the committee or representative investigates reportable accidents and dangerous occurrences. WSH (General Provision) Regulations Fine not exceeding $20,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 2 years or to both WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 1stoffence: Fine of not exceeding $5,000 2ndand subsequent offences: Fine of not exceeding $10,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 6 months or to both WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 1stoffence: Fine of not exceeding $10,000 2ndand subsequent offences: Fine of not exceeding $20,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 6 months or to both WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations Fine not exceeding $20,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 2 years or to both Factories (Noise) Regulations Fines not exceeding $5,000 Environmental Protection and Management (Hazardous Substances) (Amendment) Regulations Fine not exceeding $30,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 2 years or both Continuing offence: a further fine not exceeding $1,000 for everyday or part thereof during which the offence continues after conviction. Employees (Chemical Technician, Mechanical Technician, Logistic personnel, etc.) Legal responsibilities: 1) It shall be the duty of every person at work a) to use in such manner so as to provide the protection intended, any suitable appliance, protective clothing, convenience, equipment or other means or thing provided (whether for his use alone or for use by him in common with others) for securing his safety, health and welfare while at work; and b) to co-operate with his employer or principal and any other person to such extent as will enable his employer, principal or the other person, as the case may be, to comply with the provisions of this Act. 2) No person at work shall willfully or recklessly interfere with or misuse any appliance, protective clothing, convenience, equipment or other means or thing provided (whether for his use alone or for use by him in common with others) pursuant to any requirement under this Act for securing the safety, health or welfare of persons (including himself) at work. 3) Any person at work who, without reasonable cause, willfully or recklessly does any act which endangers the safety or health of himself or others shall be guilty of an offence. Company main HSE responsibilities: 1. Taking reasonable care to protect their health and safety and that of other workers. 2. Cooperating with employers, supervisors, committee members and representatives. 3. Using safe work procedures, safeguards, and personnel protective equipment. 4. Reporting potential hazards or risks to the employer immediately. 5. Knowing and complying with health and safety requirements. 6. Refraining form harassment. WSH (General Provision) Regulations Fine not exceeding $20,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 2 years or to both WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 1stoffence: Fine of not exceeding $5,000 2ndand subsequent offences: Fine of not exceeding $10,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 6 months or to both WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 1stoffence: Fine of not exceeding $10,000 2ndand subsequent offences: Fine of not exceeding $20,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 6 months or to both WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations Fine not exceeding $20,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 2 years or to both Environmental Protection and Management (Hazardous Substances) (Amendment) Regulations Fine not exceeding $30,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 2 years or both Continuing offence: a further fine not exceeding $1,000 for everyday or part thereof during which the offence continues after conviction. WSH (Workplace Safety and Health Committees) Regulations First offence: Fine of not exceeding $10,000 Second or subsequent offence: $20,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 6 months or to both Duties of persons who erect, install or modify machinery or equipment and persons in control of machinery for use at work. (company engage contractors) 1) It shall be the duty of any person who erects, installs or modifies any machinery or equipment for use at work to ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, that the machinery or equipment is erected, installed or modified in such a manner that it is safe, and without risk to health, when properly used. 2) The duty imposed on a person erecting, installing or modifying any machinery or equipment under subsection (1) shall apply only if the machinery or equipment is erected, installed or modified in the course of the persons trade, business, profession or undertaking. 3) Any person required under subsection (1) to ensure that any machinery or equipment is erected, installed or modified in such a manner that it is safe, and without risk to health, when properly used shall be regarded as having complied with that subsection to the extent that a) the person ensured, so far as is reasonably practicable, that the erection, installation or modification was in accordance with the information supplied by the designer, manufacturer or supplier of the machinery or equipment regarding its erection, installation or modification; and b) it is reasonable for the person to rely on that information. 4) Where any machinery moved by mechanical power is used in any workplace, then notwithstanding anything in this Act, it shall be the duty of the owner of the machinery to ensure a) so far as is reasonably practicable, that the machinery is maintained in a safe condition; and b) that the precautions (if any) to be taken for the safe use of the machinery and the health hazards (if any) associated with the machinery is available to any person using the machinery. 5) Where the owner of any machinery moved by mechanical power has entered into a contract of hire or lease with a hirer or lessee, the duty imposed under subsection (4) shall apply to the hirer or lessee of the machinery instead of the owner. 6) Where the owner, hirer or lessee of any machinery moved by mechanical power has entered into a contract with another person to maintain the machinery, the duty under subsection (4)(a) shall apply to that other person instead of the owner, hirer or lessee of the machinery. 7) Subsections (1), (2) and (3) shall apply only to machinery or equipment specified in Part I of the Fifth Schedule. Company main HSE responsibilities: In compliance with the law, contractors shall: 1. Supply safety precautions to be taken for the proper use and maintenance of the machinery, equipment or hazardous substance. 2. Specify any health hazards associated with the machinery, equipment or hazardous substance. 3. Supply information relating to and the results of any tests or examinations of the machinery, equipment or hazardous substances is tested and examined to ensure safety when properly used. WSH (General Provision) Regulations Fine not exceeding $20,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 2 years or to both WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 1stoffence: Fine of not exceeding $5,000 2ndand subsequent offences: Fine of not exceeding $10,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 6 months or to both WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 1stoffence: Fine of not exceeding $10,000 2ndand subsequent offences: Fine of not exceeding $20,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 6 months or to both WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations Fine not exceeding $20,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 2 years or to both Environmental Protection and Management (Hazardous Substances) (Amendment) Regulations Fine not exceeding $30,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 2 years or both Continuing offence: a further fine not exceeding $1,000 for everyday or part thereof during which the offence continues after conviction. Communicate with stakeholders on the implications of the WSH legal and other requirements in accordance with organizational procedures. (PC1.5, UK4) (- List and describe THREE different types of communication channels employed in by your company. Show evident or data. Eg. Appendix à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Minimum 100 words) In workplaces, Safety communication is essential to employees so that they are aware of the effects of Workplace Safety and Health so as to seek encouragement from them to contribute actively to Workplace Safety and Health. Contributions from the employees will only be effective if they understood their roles and responsibilities and be competent in their work tasks. In Sanofi Aventis, the following communication channels are employed to pass on the information and messages to employees: E-mails: Whenever there is a safety-related issue and/or article send down by Corporate, the information will be forwarded to all HODs so that they can passed down the information to the staffs within their department. Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) Notice Board: Whenever there is an incident/accident that has happened in other site within the corporate, a report of the incident/accident will be put up on the notice board to allow employees locally to learn of the issue so that the same situation will not be repeated. HSE Committee meeting: During the HSE committee meeting, issues on workplace health, safety and environment will be discussed, reviewed and ideas on how to improve them will be exchanged during the meeting. The discussions will be minute down and send to the committees so that they can pass down the information to other colleagues in their department. Gather workplace information and practices relevant for the assessment of compliance with WSH legal and other requirements. (PC2.1, UK5) Identify gaps between workplace practices and the applicable WSH legal and other requirements. (PC2.2) Recommend actions to be taken by the relevant stakeholders to comply with WSH legal and other requirements. (PC2.3, UK7) Name Description of Elements (SMS) or Practices (CP) Company Practices / Gaps Legal Requirements / Code of Practice Compliance Y / N Recommended Actions (- List at least FIVEpractices or Elements of Safety Management System. Briefly describe each practice or element. Eg. Permit-to-work, Safety Training, etc. Provide evidence such as examples, attachments, appendices, data, or documentation for

Comparing League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, Mary Reilly, and Dr. Jekyl

League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, Mary Reilly, and Dr.Jekyll and Mr.Hyde      Ã‚   Robert Louis Stevenson's short novel, The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde has spawned many retellings of Dr. Jekyll's tale, as well as variations on the theme. The Jekyll and Hyde conceit is one that lends itself to many different forms of literature, such as motion pictures and sequential art. Sometimes liberties are taken in reinterpretations of Mr. Hyde from the original text. This can be distinguished in two recent works, The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, a comic book miniseries by Alan Moore and Kevin O'Neill, and Mary Reilly, a film by Stephen Frears.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The appearance of Mr. Hyde has always tended towards the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   stereotypical hairy man. In fact, the transformation of Jekyll into   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hyde in movies seem like werewolf transformations. This comes from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   the frequent mention of Hyde's hands as being "of a dusky pallor and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   thickly shaded with a swart growth of hair" (82). Although Hyde's   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   face is never described as hairy, it tends to be a logical      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  assumption that if the hands are hairy, then the face may be as   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   well. Jekyll's own appearance is described by his lawyer, Utterson,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   as being a "smooth-faced man of fifty" (44) and Hyde, for all   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   intents and purposes, is the opposite of Jekyll. The hairiness of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hyde is maintained in The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen. Hyde is   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   drawn as a dark brown man with coarse hair all over his arms and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   chest, whereas Jekyll is a sm... ...er features are in common. Robert Louis Stevenson, in writing The   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde touched upon an universal   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   theme that many others would return to in the years after   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Stevenson's novel was published.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Return to Writing Stuff       WORKS CITED      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mary Reilly. Dir. Stephen Frears. Perf. Julia Roberts and John Malkovich.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Columbia/TriStar, 1996.         Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Moore, Alan, and Kevin O'Neill. The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Vol. One. [reprints 1-6 and Bumper Compendiums] 2nd Print. La   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jolla, California: America's Best Comics, 2000.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Stevenson, Robert Louis. The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ed. Martin A. Danahay. Orchard Park: Broadview Literary Texts, 2000.      

John Stuart Mills Essay -- Essays Papers

John Stuart Mills John Stuart Mill was one of the most well regarded and widely renowned philosophers and economists in history. He was considered a philosophical genius by the age of 20, and was mainly taught only by his father. His father believed that he should be educated and be taught many different languages and philosophies to become a well-rounded individual. When he had to end his studies early in life because of a mental breakdown at the age of 20, he soon recovered and was something different than when he first studied. Not long after he recovered he showed how different he was than his father and began writing in the Westminster review. He has widely been known for his views on liberalism that he showed in On Liberty. Mill believed that the individual was essentially sovereign over his own mind and body, a belief known as individual autonomy. The only thing individuals could do justifiably to violate other individuals' autonomies was in pursuit of self-protection, where the other individuals had broken into theirs first. Millsian philosophy was completely against negative liberty, or the absence of restraint, chaos. However, on the other end of the spectrum, Mill also opposed the tyranny the majority could impose on any minority, particularly the individual, by way of legislative control. Mill strongly believed in the practice and respect of law, and that minorities of any sort should be protected and only suppressed if the greatest good for...

Assess the relevance of Pages 58 – 63 in the History Boys to the rest of the play

When we meet Irwin again at the beginning of Act two he is a man now well into his forties and has moved on from teaching history in a school to filming a television history programme on location. We learn that he is five years older and yet there is a certain irony in the fact that he still recites the same mantra that he used with the ‘history boys' when called in to prepare them for Oxbridge entry If you want to learn about Stalin study Henry VIII. If you want to learn about Mrs Thatcher study Henry VIII If you want to know about Hollywood study Henry VIII' It was all history. It seems that although older and now in a wheelchair his basic attitude and approach have changed little. He is now a ‘personality' presenting a programme upon Rievaulx Abbey and life in monastic orders which he brings down to the level of ‘toilet arrangements' stating that he believes this to be the way to bring history to life and the Director reflects upon how he sounds a ‘tad schoolmasterly'. Irwin, for all his changed position, having been transported from a life in the classroom to in front of a television camera, is still focussed upon viewing things from an unusual perspective and using language to effect as when he reflects upon the different materials being used in place of toilet paper, in effect saying that it is these artefacts which people now come to view saying of them, ‘there is an increment in excrement, so sanitised by the years and sanitised too' so he introduces a note of humour. Indeed he says of what he sees as ‘modern day pilgrims.' ‘We are differently credulous and our cults are not the same but saner, wiser, more rational†¦' He stumbles as if deeply absorbed in reflection of how people's attitudes have changed, yet he can use the same approach. We see that Irwin's approach to teaching and to history has not really changed from that which he expressed when first called in to prepare the boys for Oxbridge entry, For Irwin history is not a matter of conviction and he encourages the boys to be dispassionate and so distance themselves. It was perhaps evident from Irwin's first meeting with the boys that he was prepared to advocate whatever was required in order to gain the described objective. Irwin, the television presenter, has retained this belief in looking at these aspects of history which offer a more controversial approach to the subject. Initially describing the boys' work as ‘Abysmally dull' he recognised to be successful they had to attract attention by using unorthodox methods. His dictum, which was evident as a teacher, was evident when he said, ‘The wrong end of the stick is the right one. A question has a front door and a back door. Go in the back or better still the side.' Read also History Quizzes To shock or surprise was his intent. He then proceeded to express his opinion that history was a performance, For Irwin, unlike Hector, presentation was everything and he has interest in moral truth viewing things as being entertainment, so the first glimpse of Irwin the television presenter was evident even as a teacher. When referring to Stalin, whilst agreeing that he was a monster, he was still perfectly willing to say something in his defence. Thus, to him, the end justifies the means and he revels in being perverse. Irwin sums up the object of his approach, to the man who turns out to be none other than Posner, by describing it as ‘meretricious' and when called upon to define the word he describes it as ‘Eye-catching, showy, false.' This last word almost appears as a damning indictment of his whole approach to teaching. When Posner replies by saying, ‘But you were a good teacher' Irwin simply says ‘The meretricious often are†¦ on television particul arly.' He then backs this up by reflectin that ‘The wheelchair helps of course. Disability brings with it an assumption of sincerity.' We see that he was still prepared to use whatever vehicle to give him the edge and curry favour and sympathy. It was a means to an end, a prop but reveals him to be morally shallow. So it is that we are reminded of our initial meeting with Irwin when, still in a wheelchair, he was addressing three or four unidentified MPs upon the best way of presenting a bill before Parliament, the effects of which would, if examined, would prove to be very contentious concerned, as it was, with the effective ending of trial by jury in at least half of the cases which come before the courts abolishing with it the assumption of innocence. Sadly Irwin's views have become even more morally corrupted, perhaps the person we see before the television camera and addressing MPs is just the logical projection of the teacher who advocated taking a completely opposite or controversial view to attain a desired outcome. It is now just the case that his horizons are greatly expanded and he is able to suppress any moral feelings. He has obviously reached a stage where he is happy to twist debatable aspects to fit in with what he wishes to achieve. His views are well illustrated when he says in defence of a law change, ‘Paradox works well and mists up the windows which is handy' We then come to appreciate how Irwin the television presenter views what he does by saying, ‘School. That's all it is. In my case anyway. Back to school.' He really had come to believe that history was ‘a performance. Its entertainment. And if it isn't make it so.' Perhaps this last statement is so telling of his willingness to subvert the facts and in so doing taking an argument and endeavouring to prove its opposite as he had first done as a teacher who was willing to relegate moral truth for effect.

Graffiti: Art Or Vandalism Essay

DEMOGRAPHICS Demographical breakup of the vandals that are tinting Los Angeles city buildings and freeway structures will allow a more detailed and clear analysis of the motivational factors behind their acts. This will allow better strategy making and provide a clear understanding of the ways to create awareness among these groups that vandalism is a crime and that they should not be engaged in such activities. The different demographical factors on which research was done are as follows: Age Group Under 15 4% 15-19 46% 20-25 38% 25-35 9% Over 35 3% The pie chart displays the information contained in the table above left. It can be seen very clearly that the general age group to which most of the vandals belong to is the 15-25 age group (combining the two most populated age groups: 15-19 and 20-25). The 25-35 age group accounts for 9% of the vandals in Los Angeles. There are negligible number of vandals in the under 15 and the over35 age groups. This finding strongly suggests the fact that there are a large number of high schools and university students (predominantly undergraduate students) involved in these acts of vandalism. The fun and pressure part is probably the main influence in the 15-25 age groups. Youngsters in this age group are also likely to be influenced by peer pressure and local groups of mischief-creators. The under 15 age group contributes 4% to the total vandal population of Los Angeles. When further research was carried out, it was found out that this group consists mainly of the poor children thriving around in slums or on roadsides. It was found that these children were paid to carry out these activities of graffiti spraying. Thus, money was the most important factor in motivating the people in this age group to continue vandalism. It should be noted that there is a relatively small percentage of vandals in the 25-35 age group which predominantly suggests that this age group is composed of the professional vandals. Read more:  Essay About Vandalism These professional vandals may be groups of people who may be involved in street crimes and mischief. It is possible that these people may not be enrolled in any schooling or university program. Similarly, for the over 35 age group comprising of 3% of the total vandals, it can be estimated that most of these people are either mentally ill or belong to mischief groups. (California Vandalism Charges) The age is an important demographical characteristic of the vandals since it will influence the marketing strategies greatly. However, the occupation of the vandals is also an important factor due to the fact that two different people belonging to the same age group may have to be appealed to differently depending upon their occupation. Our next research will provide a detail into the occupation of the vandals researched above.   Occupation Occupation Students 44% Labor Industry 7% Professional Workers 1% Federal Servants 1% Unemployed 37% Others/Undisclosed 10% (California Vandalism Charges) As suggested by previous demographical finding, the occupational breakup of the vandals also conforms to the fact that there are a majority of students and unemployed people involved in these mischievous acts. This gives a strong support to the fact that the strategies that will be used to combat these activities should be directed mainly towards high school and undergraduate students and people belonging to the 15-25 age groups without any records of enrolment in any school, college or university. This is due to the fact that there is a very negligible presence of professionals or federal servants in these activities. Furthermore, the 10% vandals with undisclosed occupations look like mainly the poor and the underprivileged people. These people have no occupation and therefore they thrive either on charity or by doing acts such as these in return for money. The next characteristic, income group, will further testify to the above findings. Income Group Weekly Income $0-$100 66% $101-$250 23% $251-$400 1% $400-$800 1% >$800 0% Others/Undisclosed 9% The suggestion in the previous findings that a large portion of the vandals are either students with only pocket money as their source of income, or they are the poor people thriving on charity, is supported strongly by the income breakup table. There is a strong indication of the fact that the people involved in these activities are poor people motivated by the monetary rewards for committing these acts of graffiti spraying and there are other students and mischief makers who either do it for the â€Å"fun† of doing it or under serious pressure from other mischief-maker groups. The distribution of the vandals with regard to the area they thrive in will complete the picture of the nature of the vandals and will enable us to propose more accurate marketing strategies to curtail the mischievous activities of graffiti spraying. (California Vandalism Charges) Area Area-wise Breakup Downtown 15% East and Northeast 14% Echo Park & Westlake 8% Greater Hollywood 1% Harbor Area 11% Los Feliz & Silver Lake 1% South 23% San Fernando Valley 22% West (The Westside) 2% Wilshire 3% (List of districts and neighborhoods of Los Angeles) The research carried out on the area-wise demographics of the vandals population has led to the same conclusion which was repeatedly being observed in the previous researchers. As the graph displays, the majority of the vandals either belong to those areas which house the largest number of skyscrapers and freeway structures or belong to the most populated and poor areas (signifying the fact that the graffiti sprayers are poor people paid to do the job by other people). Thus, the general picture of a vandal can be sketched to be either a college student or a poor person threatened with the consequences of poverty without any means of survival motivated by monetary gains to do the graffiti spraying. MARKETING STRATEGIES Since the demographical research has led to the conclusion that a great majority of the people involved in these acts of graffiti tagging belong to the 15-25 age group and they would generally be either enrolled in a school, college or university program or would be thriving the streets of Los Angeles, we would like to propose a two-fold marketing strategy. (From Vandal to Artist) The first fold of the strategy would be targeted towards the student population and the college graders for whom graffiti spraying is a matter of fun or it is due to the â€Å"joining the bandwagon† effect. We propose that this category of graffiti sprayers should be treated differently with different marketing strategies since they are quite different from the other category. This group predominantly consists of students of various ages and enrolments: from middle school students to undergraduate students. There is a possibility of there being graduate students as well. But for simplicity, we are considering that the general range of this category is from the middle age students to undergraduate students. The marketing strategy to use with this category is simple yet effective. Organizing concerts and mass awareness programs at campuses are perhaps one of the most effective ways in tackling out the problems in this category of graffiti sprayers. Since the motivation factor behind their activities is majorly fun and the â€Å"bandwagon† effect and there is no real purpose behind their activities, we believe that if they are provided alternative platforms to display their creativity and ability to mix and match colors, they will not resort to vandalism on Los Angeles buildings. It is probably the lack of outpouring opportunities that has fuelled their activities to such a great height. Using mass advertising campaigns within the campus will be an effective advertising strategy that will pay off in the long-run. Since, it is the campus where students spend most of their time away from home, constant exposure to banners and billboards condemning vandalism and regarding it as a heinous crime will instill in the graffiti sprayers a degree of shame and deter them from committing the same activities the next time. (Graffiti Removal) Since we cannot be sure as to the number of schools and colleges in which students involved in vandalism are spread a good marketing strategy would be to advertise on books, stationary and all those items that are connected with high school and college students. Advertising may not cost a lot if done intelligently: placing billboards and banners at the entrances of coffee shops and locations where lots of students gather may be an effective way to communicate the message that â€Å"vandalism is a crimeâ€Å". Furthermore, it can be ensured that college principals and influential teachers in schools and colleges reinforce this message in their discussions repeatedly. It will serve as a deterrent for students to remain involved in graffiti spraying and in the long-run will turn students involved in graffiti spraying into critics of vandalism themselves. Competitions can be arranged to invite students in graffiti contests where they can compete against each other in graffiti painting and color matching. (From Vandal to Artist) This will be an opportunity for students involved in graffiti spraying to put their energy into these competitions so that their attention can be diverted to more productive work. It is no doubt that a student having graffiti skills will show up when such competitions will be organized. Offering prizes for outstanding paintings and graffiti work will give a boost to their morals and a promise of repeated contests in the years to come will make them eager to practice their graffiti skills personally and productively rather than on the walls of Los Angeles buildings. For the next set of graffiti sprayers – the poor people paid by others to do the job, since money is their only motivational factor – we propose a different marketing campaign. These people do not have any means of work and so they resort to whatever work they can get in return for money. Thus, their main motivational factor is the money being provided to them by other parties for spraying graffiti. The local city council can gather these people under one roof and organize an awareness campaign which should also provide work and labor opportunities for them. Since, their unemployment and poverty leads them to resort to such activities, ensuring that they are engaged in respectable work will eliminate their tendencies to continue with vandalism and will automatically curb the percentage of people with such demographics involved in graffiti spraying. (Graffiti Removal) It is possible that networking amongst this category of vandals will get the message across more easily and strongly. Thus, we strongly recommend that the Los Angeles council should use word-of-mouth communication to stress upon the immorality of vandalism. They should give rewards to the people who give details about the people involved in vandalism and should take the emotional appeal to marketing as their tool to restrict vandalism in this category. These people can be provided the means to live a respectable life and enjoy a future one can look forward too. Even though the population of such people may be large – since Los Angeles is already a big city with a population of 13 million people – to be supported by the city council on its own, trying is better than not doing anything. On the whole, we believe that these marketing strategies, if implemented hand in hand, will be a greater success than if implemented one after the other. Since these two categories summarize 89% of the graffiti sprayers, there will be just the need to combat other professional and mischief-makers through the local police and law enforcement agencies. We believe that the above strategies have great potential in reducing the amount of graffiti on Los Angeles buildings and freeway structures and that proper communication strategy can always be effective in communicating the message across. We believe that the described marketing strategies will reduce graffiti spraying on Los Angeles buildings by at least 89% which will be a significant reduction in the graffiti on Los Angeles buildings and freeway structures. (Graffiti Removal) Works Cited 1. California Vandalism Charges. (n.d.). Retrieved June 29, 2008, from Vandalism Cases: www.lacriminaldefenseattorney.com/Vandalism.html 2. From Vandal to Artist. (n.d.). Retrieved June 29, 2008, from Business Week: www.businessweek.com/smallbiz/content/jul2005/sb20050718_049224.htm 3. Graffiti Removal. (n.d.). Retrieved June 29, 2008, from CleanLink: http://www.cleanlink.com/sm/article.asp?id=601&keywords= 4. List of districts and neighborhoods of Los Angeles. (n.d.). Retrieved June 30, 2008, from Wikipedia.org: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_districts_and_neighborhoods_of_Los_Angeles