The Lang report Essay Example for Free

The Lang report EssayThe Lang report was one of the first reports to not only investigate why malicious mischief occurred, but measures to stop it from occurring in the future it reported thatThere can be no doubt that the consumption of alcohol is an important doer in crowd misbehaviourIn more recent reports hooliganism has not only been committed outside or in the stadium. Under give chase operations have revelled that hooliganism has become more organised where the ringleaders of sets of tusslemakers on opposing sides have been in contact with each other and meet at a predetermined destination to fight. The advantage of this for them is that there wont is police patrolling that ara so they can hold fast away with it.The methods the authorities have actual to stop it,The approach taken by the British authorities to reducing football hooliganism has been largely increasingly sophisticated policing, surveillance and monitoring techniques, sequestration of fans, restrict ions on alcohol etc. The British Government has also introduced specific legislation to cover acts of hooliganism.Such measures are common elsewhere in Europe, the German, Dutch and Belgian authorities, in particular, have been more proactive in their approach to the problem. The development of fan coaching schemes appears to have had an impact on levels of violence in certain areas. Such schemes, which involve social workers deployed with groups of fans, provide useful models for other countries.German nightspots are involved to an extent in the fan coaching schemes elsewhere there is little contact between club officials and the fan groups. Very recently the British police have started using the Spotter transcription. This is a system that is used throughout the season in the English Premier and Football Leagues. A police liaison officer is attached to a particular club and has the responsibility of identifying and monitoring hooligans, usually travelling to away games and assis ting the local force with the detection of hooligans. Identified hooligans would be banned from aftermath all of there teams games and before European and international ties take place, their passports are confiscated so that the wont travel to the away games in other countries and cause any trouble. Another scheme introduced was a hooligan hotline whereby supporters could phone in and report incidents of hooliganism and perhaps even identify perpetrators. Although this scheme was promoted as being entirely new, similar schemes have been in existence since 1988, when the West Midlands police set up a 24-hour hotline.ConclusionI believe as long as football exists there lead be hooliganism as when people have differences of opinions there are always going to be some narrow minded people who depart get angry and lash out. This may be on supporters of the opposing side, the authorities or vandalism of public property. However although I believe hooliganism will always exist I believ e that there are things that increase the likelihood of such acts occurring these includeDrink, which heightens peoples emotions making them more likely to get angry and it also, stops them from fearing fighting and the law. When people drink they stop thinking rationally and do things that they otherwise wouldnt do.Troublemakers these people come to a stadium practically not watching the match especially to get into a fight. They often encourage drunken supporters into joining in with there trouble making. They often jeer opposing fans in the hope that there will be a fight.The mood of the fans contributes to hooliganism, as if the supporters have had a good journey and their team has a good result then they will be in a good mood hence being less likely to cause troubleSecurity presence, will act as a disability to hooligans as they will not want to be punished for their actions, so if there are many police officers they wont want to start trouble.Although there are still the o ccasional instances of hooliganism the police have done well in dramatically cutting down the amount of them. They are co-operating much more with their European counterparts and have new measures such as the spotter system and the hooliganism hotline. However there is more that the government can do I believe the police should be given greater powers in arresting and prosecuting hooligans. Penalties for hooligans should be a lot more severe in order to act as a deterrent. Also everyone entering a stadium should undergo a breathalyser test to see if they are over the legal alcohol limit and if they are they should be taken to the police station and fined and banned from viewing there team play for a set period of time. I believe that this will not only act as a deterrent but it will stop the trouble makers from coming to the football so the atmosphere in the stadium will good and the emphasis on having a good time. This will also increase the popularity of the sport as more families will come to watch the sport introducing a new generation of football lovers who wont be interested in hooliganism, just in the sport.Appraisal of studyThe problem with my project was that as I choose the subject military issue of hooliganism. It was very hard to find facts and figures to back up my points all I could find to prove my points were discussions and reports about this study. Though these reports were written by experts in this field, they overly had to work in the same conditions without facts to back up what they were truism, so I am only going on what they believe and they cannot prove what they are saying to be true. So if I were to improve this project I would have to get some data to prove my theories to be correct.

Poetry Comparison Compare Blakes London and Wordsworths Composed upon Westminster Bridge Essay Example for Free

Poetry Comparison Compare Blakes capital of the United Kingdom and Wordsworths Composed upon Westminster Bridge actThe two metrical compositions capital of the United Kingdom and Composed upon Westminster Bride, offer differing views on the metropolis of London. Blake presents London as lifeless, dismal and monotonous, whereas Wordsworths London is really different. He feels it as beautiful, magnificent and exciting.Blakes poem consists of four different stanzas all of equal length. This gives a sense of order and regularity. This demonstrates that the people of London live a controlled life, which has no variety. Blake uses repetition, which gives a sense of anguish, And gibe in every face I meet, Marks of weakness, Marks of woe. This stresses the tedious pace of life. Blake also shows that the people of London are trapped in themselves, In every voice, in every man, the mind forged manacles I hear. This demonstrates that the people of London backsidenot express themselves as they are trapped in their own minds.Blakes London shows the poets anger towards some members of the community. Blake blackens the city by painting images of child labour, how the chimney sweepers cry every blackening church appals. This shows that the church is a hypocrite as they are using chimneysweepers themselves. Blake also dislikes the rich aristocrats by describing how the hapless sigh, runs in blood down the palace walls. This emphasises that the poor work very hard and push pointless battles while the rich reap the rewards and benefits.In stanza four Blake paints a disgusting picture of prostitution, the y issuehful harlots curse, blasts the newborn infants ear, this tells the reader that prostitution leads to disease and plagues, umpteen unwanted. Married men spilt up with their wives. Prostitutes have children, so the cycle continues for years. Blake combines ideas of marriage and hearse, this to show that the life cycle for people in London is death and suffering. in addition Blake horrifies the reader by using different sounds to describe the feelings of people who live in London. He describes moans and cries to show the reader the depression of the people in London. The city of London is full of sorrow for every man and every infant every cry of every man, in every infants cry of fear. Also it is very negative and everyone feels depressed harlots curse soldiers sigh.Blake intensifies this gloomy atmosphere further, by using iambic meter in his poem. The use of iambic meter and an (ABAB) rhyming escape for example streetflowmeetwoe, illerates to the reader how monotonous everyday life in London is, I wandered though each chartered street. The fact that Blake is wandering through London suggests that the city is boring and has no aims or direction. The reader can work out that Blake is blaming his apathy on the city itself and perhaps it is Londons fault that the population has mark of woe.Blakes poem is clearly written about life in the s lums of London, while Wordsworth, in his sonnet Composed Upon Westminster Bridge focuses on a more superior general way on the majesty and splendour of London.Wordsworth was a nature lover who normally didnt like the cities but in the early morning he sees something wondrous and glorious about London. Wordsworth realises that this moment is only temporary never did the sun more beautifully steep in his first splendour, valley, rock or hill. It was befoulment less city bright and splendid. Nothing evil dark or dismal like Blakes London. This city now doth like a garment wear, it demonstrates that it is an out of this world experience. He personifies the city, bringing it to life, in order to show how this is a transient moment.Wordsworth also respects the city for its beautiful buildings, unlike Blake who sees it as a city of degraded humanity noting the harlots curse. Wordsworth sees many beautiful towers, domes, theatres and temples open into the fields and to the skys. This sho ws the stillness and emptiness. This is a laying affect to show that man made objects can be as good as nature, unlike Blake who sees misery. Wordsworth uses a very calm and tranquil tone to describe London.This poem is written in the tighten pentrarchian sonnet, with iambic pentameter utilises an (ABBA, ABBA, CDCD) rhyme scheme unlike Blakes continuous (ABAB) rhyme scheme. This creates an unhurried pace with a peaceful mood lacking the intensity of Blakes poem. It also provides a slow pace to take in the beauty of London in the early morning.Wordsworths surprise at the beauty of London is seen when he directly addresses upright God Using an exclamation mark, Wordsworth address God twice to stress his personal reaction to Londons beauty-he wants the reader to see the awe of London, the exclamation mark stresses the ball over pleasure by his reaction. The mighty heart demonstrates that the people are the heart of the city-sees London as alive and living part of city working togeth er. Wordsworth set people, as they are the centre point of London. Wordsworth tries to tell the reader that the Thames is working in harmony with the rest of the city.However, although the imagery of London Blake creates through its depressed read and every cry of every man. In my opinion I prefer Wordsworths poem Composed Upon Westminster Bridge, because he uses personification and makes the city feel beautiful. He states how alter of soul anyone would be if they didnt admire the beauty of London in the early morning. The way Wordsworth describes the cities buildings has a positive effect on the poem and this is why I prefer Composed Upon Westminster Bridge.

Myofascial Triggger Point Essay Example for Free

Myofascial Triggger level EssayThis chapter is the review of the on hand(predicate) literature concerning the theoretic content that is necessary to understand the trapezius muscle and its affair in the symptoms associated with upper book binding anguish. Particularly the issues about the types of actuate microscope stages, including a discussion of myofascial elicitation point therapy and stylostixis offset point therapy. More importantly the awareness and understanding on how to improve the quality of life by learning about the alternative options, fashioning changes and applying self-help strategies on myofascial propel points. Given this points, a brief description of the topics are noned It is distressful to say that about 23 million persons, or 10 percent of the U. S. people, confirm one or more than chronic disorders of the musculoskeletal system (Imamura, Fischer, Imamura, Teixeira, Tchia Kaziyama, (1997). The most common reason for the breakthrough of injure and rigidity in the spot, do it and shoulder is the tuition of myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) activity in those areas.Factors responsible to set in motion trigger point in the muscles of the neck and shoulder region include postural disorders, tearful of the shoulder girdle, direct and indirect overloading of the neck muscles, acute trauma to the neck and anxiety (Baldry, 2002). For instance, the muscle most often affected by MTrPs is the trapezius muscle. all position or task that requires the shoulders to carry out the weight of the upper extremities repeatedly or for prolonged periods of time overloads the upper trapezius muscle, and strongly boosts the schooling of MTrPs (Mense, 2001).Incidentally, MTrPs extremely common and became a painful part of nearly everyones life at one time or another. ), the upper trapezius alert MTrPs are common in patients presenting neck pain (Simons Travell 1999). Surprising statistics suggested that neck pain has a lifetime incide nce of 45%-54% in the general population (Fernandez-de-las-Penas, Alonso-Blanco Mangolarra, 2007). Trigger points are tender to direct pressure or squeezing, they are painful and they are palpable as hard nodules. Rachlin, 2005). In fact, Simons Travell (1999) has described pain due to TrPs is a cause of pain in all parts of the body and it has been reported as a source of pain in numerous medical conditions. Patients presenting mainly with upper body pain or headaches are more likely to MTrPs pain than patients presenting with pain located elsewhere (Rachlin, 2005). Indeed, therapy for MTrPs has been used by Bilkstad and Gemmell, (2008) with anecdotal success in patients with non-specific neck pain.Gemmell and Allens (2008) study also proved that a session of trigger point therapy, has a clinical pregnant effects in the manipulation of acute trigger points of the upper trapezius muscle. Certainly acupuncture for MTrPs is an effective and efficient technique for the treatment of myofascial pain and dysfunction. That is, an acupuncture needle is inserted through the skin and moved gently up and down through the MTrPs. The effect is to de-activate the trigger point and relax the muscle according to Travell and Simons (1999).Furthermore, studies of neck pain have proposed that manipulation is an effective therapy, especially when combined with exercise (Rubinstein, Leboeuf-Yde, Knol, de Koekkoek, Pfeifle van Tulder, 2008). Gatterman (2005) stated that chiropractic treatment of the spine has a relaxing effect on the spinal muscle and a loosening effect on spinal articulations, hence making a difference in a number of ailments force by cervical structure.Historical Background ReviewBack to 1816, British physician Balfour, as cited by Stockman, described nodular tumors and thickenings which were painful to the touch, and from which pains cleft to neighboring parts (Stockman, 1904 p. 107-116). In 1841, trigger points have been documented in western medicine res earch. In the European literature, regional musculoskeletal pain conditions have been documented since the 18th century (Reyn experienceds, 1983). Dr. Janet Travell (1901-1997) is generally credited for bringing MTrPs to the attention of healthcare providers.MTrPs have been described and rediscovered for several(prenominal) centuries by various clinicians and researchers as far-off suffer as the 16th century, de Baillou (1538-1616), Ruhmann (1940) described what is now known as myofascial pain syndrome (MPS). Bron Dommerholt, ( 2012, p. 1) acknowledges, myofascial pain syndrome is defined as the sensory, motor, and autonomic symptoms caused by Mypfascial Trigger Points, and has sire a recognized medical diagnosis among pain specialists.The first trigger point manual was published in 1931 in Germany nearly a decennium before Dr.Janet Travell became interested in MTrPs These early descriptions and other historic papers did illustrate the basic features of MTrPs quite accurately (S imons, 1975). In 1966, Dr. Travell founded the North American honorary society of Manipulative Medicine, together with Dr. John Mennell, who also published several articles about MTrPs (Mennell, 1976-1989). In the early 1960s, Dr. David Simons was introduced to Dr. Travell and her elaborate, which became the start of a fruitful collaboration eventually resulting in several publications, including the Trigger Point Manuals (Simons Travell 1999).The Trigger Point Manuals are the most comprehensive review of nearly 150 muscle referred-pain patterns based on Dr. Travells clinical observations, and they include an extensive review of the scientific basis of MTrPs. Both volumes have been translated into several foreign languages. These books are considered the definitive reference on myofascial pain and locating trigger points. Trapezius Muscle This diamond shape muscle is situated in the neck and upper part of the back and lies most superficially (Moore Dalley, 2006).It was given its n ame because the muscles of the two sides form a trapezium. The main action of the trapezius is to aid in head, neck and the clavicle movement. The trapezius commonly contains trigger points, and referred pain from these trigger points bring patients to the office more often than for any other problem. Figure 2. 1 shows the trapezius- a large kite-shaped muscle, covering much of the back and posterior neck. There are three main parts to the muscle the Upper, middle, and lower part. Each part has its own actions and often different functions. Figure 2. 1 Trapezius MuscleNamely the upper portion of the trapezius muscle laterally flexes the head and the neck towards the same side, and assists in extreme rotation of the head so that the face turns to the opposite side. It can draw the clavicle backwards and raise it by rotating the clavicle. It usually helps to carry the weight of the upper limb during standing, or support a weight in the hand with the arm hanging. Acting bilaterally, th e upper fibers extend the head and the neck . The upper trapezius can conjecture headaches on the temples, dizziness, severe neck pain, intolerance to weight on your shoulders.While the middle trapezius reflects pain on the mid-back, headaches at the base of your skull and superficial glowing pain close to the spine. On the other hand lower trapezius on the mid-back refers pain to the neck, and/or upper shoulder region (Simons Travell, 1999). Figure 2. 2 Trapezius Trigger Points Myofascial Trigger Points The word myofascial means muscle tissue (myo) and the connective tissue in and close to it (fascia). According to the most commonly authoritative theory, a myofascial trigger point ( Figure 2. ) is an area of hypersensitivity in a taut band, or contraction knot of skeletal muscle with respect to pain (Simons, et al. , 1999), as opposed to healthy muscle, which does not contain taut bands or trigger point (Shah, et al. 2005). The trigger point feels like a pea imbed within the muscle to the touch. A trigger point is always tender and becomes painful, like contracted knots that refers pain and tightness upon direct compression and is mediated by a local twitch response (Hong, 2006 Simons et al. , 1999 Simons, 2004).Auleciems (1995) furthermore researched the incidence of MPS, reported to be as high as 85% at certain American pain clinics. Figure 2. 3 Myofascia Trigger Point Taut Band Myofascial Trigger Point Development There are existing studies to account for the development of trigger points and subsequent pain patterns, but scientific evidence is lacking. Many researchers concur that an acute injury or repetitive small injuries whitethorn target to the development of a trigger point which creates some degree of tissue damage (Rachlin, 2005). The damage to muscle and connective tissue can befall several ways.From lack of exercise, prolonged poor posture, vitamin deficiencies, sleep disturbances, and joint problems (Simons Travell, 1999). Examples of p redisposing activities such as typing/moussing, handheld electronics, gardening, home improvement projects, work environments, holding a earpiece receiver between the ear and shoulder to free arms prolonged bending over a table sitting in chairs with poor back support, improper height of arm rests or none at all (Simpson McCarthy, 2001) sustained loading as with heavy lifting, carrying babies, briefcases, boxes, wearing body armor or lifting bedridden patients.Injury from falling down stairs or whiplash injury in a motor vehicle accident (Lavelle, Lavelle, Susti, 2007). Myofascial Trigger Point Classification Trigger points are classified as being active or latent. The active, painful phase of the trigger point is the one which motivates people to examine relief. The active trigger point hurts when pressed with a finger and causes pain around it and in other areas. (Hong, 2006 Simons, 2004). The active trigger point referral symptom may feel like a dull ache, deep, pressing pain, burning, or a sensation of numbness and fatigue.If unaddressed or ineffectively treated, eventually other muscles around the dysfunctional one become stressed and develop secondary trigger points. It is not unusual for chronic pain patients to have multiple, overlapping referred pain patterns, making diagnosis and treatment more complex. Trigger points can also lie quietly in muscles, sometimes for years. This type of trigger point is called latent. Latent trigger points are very common. Probably one wont know they are there for the fact that they cause pain unless it is compressed.Latent trigger points cause limit movement, distorted muscle movement patterns stiffness and weakness of the affected muscle (Fricton, Kroening, Haley Siegert, 1985). When firm pressure is applied over the trigger point in a snapping often causes the muscle to jump or briskly contract a local twitch response (Simons et al. , 1999). The reaction of a twitch response during tactual exploration of a tri gger point, or during a trigger point release procedure, is a reliable confirmation that the trigger point has been accurately located.When a trigger point in one muscle can create pain in another area it is known as referred pain. This referred pain is felt not at the site of the trigger-point origin, but remote from it (Mense Schmit, 1977). For example (Figure. 2. 4), a primary trigger point in the upper trapezius muscle refers pain to the temple region of the head. All muscle tissue is potentially prone to developing trigger points. Fig. 2. 4 Referred Pain from Trapezius Trigger Points Treatment of Myofascial Trigger Points As a matter of fact treating each trigger point is relatively simple.Treating the whole myofascial pain syndrome so that pain fully goes away is a more complicated process. Pharmacologic treatment of patients with chronic muscle pain includes analgesics and medications to induce sleep and relax muscles. Antidepressants, anti-inflammatory drugs are often prescr ibed (Imamura et al. , 1997). The long-term clinical efficacy of various therapies is not clear, because data that incorporate pre- and post-treatment assessments with control groups are not available. No laboratory test or imaging technique has been open for diagnosing trigger points (Fricton et al. , 1985).However, the use of ultrasonography, electromyography, thermography, and muscle biopsy has been studied. A variety of hands-on skills, such as stretching, massage, manipulation, mobilization and strengthening (Simons, 2002), and a wide variety of modalities namely, diathermy, percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, ethyl chloride Spray and Stretch technique, dry needling, and trigger-point injections with local anesthetic, saline, or steroid heat, ice, ultrasound, electrical stimulation, mechanical pressure and light energy, are available to physicians and therapists for the treatment of trigger points (Edward Knowles, 2003).For instance trigger point therapies can help spe cifically a number of health issues such as 1) Relieve sick headache and headache 2) Alleviate low-back pain and improve range of motion Ease dependence over the counter or prescription medication 3) Release endorphins that work as the bodys natural painkiller 4) Enhance immunity by stimulating the bodys natural defense system. 5) Increase blood flow to bring oxygen (Dommerholt Huijbregts (2011, p. 18 ).The proposed principle of treatment of MPS is to inactivate the active MTrPs through the use of various therapeutic modalities (Hong, C. 2000). However, the various treatments are beyond the scope of this study, the main concentrate here is to determine the efficacy of acupuncture and myofascial trigger point therapy for upper back pain. Acupuncture Trigger point pain may result from old or new injuries, excessive work out, incorrect body mechanics and poor body posture.In this light, acupuncture treatments can help return the residuum to muscles. It is one of the safest ways to address physical problems. Using FDA-approved grade of acupuncture needles, it stimulates the muscle fibers, generating involuntary twitching of muscles located on the suspect trigger point (Figure 2. 5). Usually leads to an immediate reduction of the tightness as well as a reduction or elimination of the related problems (Scholar Hong, 2000. Aside from relieving muscles from stress, acupuncture treatment releases endorphins, boosts the nervous system, enhances the immune system, and causes a number of other biochemical and hormonal changes (Napadow, Webb, Pearson, et al. , 2006). Acupuncture is a time proven and safe method to optimize health. In restoring balance to brain and nervous system functions, it helps regulate blood pressure, blood flow and body temperature, which is indirectly beneficial to managing and relieving body stressor (Birch, Hesselink, Jonkman, et al. , (2004).

The User Side And Server Side Factors Computer Science Essay

The User Side And Server Side Factors Computer accomplishment EssayIn this re exploiter interface, I go out describe and explain about user typeface and server side factor that push aside influence the action of a meshingsite and state particular server side capabilities with consideration for limitation of equipment and software customer may be using to browse the website.User side factorHardware The speeding of calculator ashes brush aside influence the performance of the website. If the computer system is slow so the user will bestow a long time to load full website. The speed of computer depends on speed of RAM, ROM and processor.Ram is plugged into RAM s attractors on the motherboard. It is use to storage data while Pc is on. It is volatile and temporary. thither are many types of RAM kinds. Examples are SDR RAM, DDR R AM, DDR2 RAMRom is diverse to Ram. It already is designed and connected with the motherboard. So the users dont worry to connect the Rom. Rom is on ly enabled to read data. It is permanent and non volatile.CPU is the most important comp angiotensin-converting enzyment of computer system. It is primed(p) in CPU socket on the motherboard. It is apply to processing data and programs. CPU read directives from RAM and realizes those directives. Computers processing speed depends on speed of CPU, but it alike depends on other systems. CPU processes data and programs in 4 steps. There are fetch, decode, execute, and write back.And one more important that the user must own to connect to net is modem. Modem is the oldest interconnection devices. It is enabling communication e actuallyplace conventional telephone system. The term of modem is coming from modulator and demodulator. It uses a variety of technologies to assist and improve their communication. whole modems stooge offer asynchronous communication (which dont require a common timing to occur between two devices) and synchronous communication (which is a perpetual timed transmission). Modem can not affect to computer speed but it affects to profits speed.Internet connection speed It in like manner is an important part that can influence the performance of website. Even the users throw off a good computer that has very fast speed but they have slow internet speed, they also must take long time to view and browse the website. The user also must to choose the ISP (internet service provider) that will provide the internet work for them. Broadband is a good idea for the users because it is faster than Dial-up connection.Modem Modem is also important part of internet connection. The users need it to connect to internet. Modem is the oldest interconnection devices. It is enabling communication over conventional telephone system. The term of modem is coming from modulator and demodulator. It uses a variety of technologies to assist and improve their communication. All modems can offer asynchronous communication (which dont require a common timing to o ccur between two devices) and synchronous communication (which is a continuous timed transmission)Virus is software of computer. It occurs when rogue code has entered the computer system. Virus hides itself inside ordinary executable code and makes damage to data, computer system or services. Actually there are over 20000 viruses in the world. It affects the speed of computers operation and slows down the internet connection speed.Software The users also need to install some software that can make the users easier and faster to connect to internet and browse the website. Examples are Firefox, internet explorer and flash player. Firefox and internet explorer are website browser that are used to browse the website. But I delibe yard the user should use Firefox because it is better than internet explorer. Firefox provides fast browsing speed, good security and many features. And flash player is application software that is necessary for browsing the website. It helps the web browser easier and faster loading video or flash on the website.Server side factorHardware Like the user side factor, server side factor also require good speed of RAM and CPU. But server provides internet services to the users, so RAM and CPU of server should be very fast. They involve to the server speed.Server speedBandwidth bandwidth is the capacity that a net connection can conduct at one time. It determines how ofttimes traffic can be handled by the web server and how much material is able to be downloaded at any one time. It can be thought of as a pipe from the web server to the users.Server operating systems It is network operation system software that is used to go past computer system. For example is window server 2003. It is the current server version of Windows and Window XP is the workstation version. Window server 2003 is similar in appearance to window NT4.0. There are many version of Window server 2003 which are Web edition, Standard edition, Enterprise edition, and Data centre edition. The different editions of window server 2003 prevail various hardware platforms and server role. They provide a variety of service which enables the users to interact with other users, system, and application. There are many services that are provided in window server 2003. But in this task I will explain typical services that provided by a window server 2003 directory service. trade protection There are many risks for a website. They may be virus, Trojan, hacker, spyware. They can steals customers details and use them for fraud. The server should have security software to protect the system such as firewall, Norton internet security. Security also is the biggest worry for commercial website because they save all the details and information of customers that could be stolen. So the server should have a good security to protect them.Port available it is device that is used to transfer data between a computer concomitant port and an Ethernet local area network. It ca n be used with all types of serial devices and peripherals. It is possible to use Ethernet in place of serial cables, minimizing workstation clutter and also allowing serial devices to be placed far away from the computers with which they are used.The other factors that can influence the performance of websiteWeb browser compatibilityThe website will be browsed by web browser so web browser can affect to the website. The web browse should have all features which help the users to loading the website easier and faster such as flash player. Also web browser should have all compatibility that is needed for a website. For examples are viewing the website with difference font size, gloss, etcImage On the website, the go out may be a graphic hyperlink that is used to link to other page of website. There are 2 types of image that can be used o website. They are bitmap image and vector image.Bitmap image is made up of pixels in a grid. Bitmap format is really slatternly to use for photos. It is fast to display because the monitor is already just a grid of colour dots, so to display them, the users are just changing the colour of the dots that are already there. But if the users want to stretch a bitmap, they just make all those dots in the photo bigger than the dots on their screen and the photos will be fuzzy. In general, bitmap format is ok for drawings, great for photos and best for the web. But it is hard to stretch, hard to convert to vector. Bitmap image is the agitate that has ending .bmp .jpeg, .jpg, .png, .psd, etc And some software to edit bitmap image are Microsoft Paint, Adobe Photoshop, Corel Photo-Paint, Corel Paint Shop Pro, etcVector image is difference to bitmap image. It has a lot of virtues. It is made up of many individual, scalable objects. These objects are defined by mathematical equations rather than pixels, so it always render at the highest quality. These objects may dwell of lines, curves, and shapes with editable attributes such as col our, fill, and outline. An object can be modified not only by changing its attributes. Vector image has many advantages such as be stretched to various sizes without losing quality. But it still has some disadvantage such as unsuitable for producing photo-realistic imagery. In general, vector format is great for drawings, at large(p) to stretch, easy to convert to bitmap but it is bad for photos and the web. Vector image is the charge up that has ending .svg, .wmf, etc And some software to edit Vector image are adobe Illustrator, Corel draw, Xara Xtreme, Serif DrawPlus, etcSound Sound travels in waves. These are continuous and are called analogue. The digital sound wave samples at regular intervals with gaps so small the user ears can not perceive them. There are many types of sound file which are mp3 or wav.Mp3 It is the good sound file. It is a compressed file and is good for internet connection. It does not require much memory. It does take too long to download and retain goo d quality. Finally, the mp3 file has a low sample rate and therefore produces a smaller file size. It is better than other sound file such as wav.Wav It has a high sample rate which means the sound quality is closest to that produced by the actual instruments but it is a relatively large file. Because it is a large file so it requires much memory and the user take too long to download it. It is not good for internet users.Video and animation files Video and animation files produce very large file sizes which require much memory. So they can seriously affect the speed of website. It require long time to download and control a large proportion of bandwidth for duration download even the user use a high quality internet connection. It takes a large proportion of website blank and make the website slower. There are many types of video and animation files which are followingMp4 It is a container format which allows a combination of audio, video, subtitles and still images to be held in the one single file. It also allows for advanced content such as 3D graphics, menus and user interactivity. It can be use by many different multimedia. It has very good quality. It also allows for blow via the internet which means the user can watch it online.AVI It is audio video interleave file. It is a video file that conforms to the Microsoft Windows Resource Interchange File Format (RIFF) specification. It is a large file and takes memory native to Microsoft windows. It requires a special player that may be include with the Web browser but most of PCs can play it.WMV It is window media video file which is preferred format for windows. It is originally designed for internet streaming applications. It can be streaming and possible to use less memory faster download.Internet connection speedThe speed of the users internet connection can decide how fast the web page is loaded. There are many types of internet connection which areBroadband It is a network that uses a speciality th at can carry multiple signals simultaneously using technique called multiplexing. The most common example for broadband communications is the typical cable television network which transmits the signals corresponding to dozen if TV channels over one cable. Finally, broadband network provide very fast internet speed. It is very good for internet users.Dial-up It is the traditional method of connection and remained popular for many years. It has an average speed of 56 Kbps. It uses the existing analogue telephone lines.ISDN It stands for Integrated Services Digital Network. It is a dial-up communications services that uses standard telephone lines to provide high speed digital communication. The two most common ISDN services are Basic point Interface and Primary Rate Interface. It could reach speeds of 128 KBps.

Assessment of UK Policy Approaches to Poverty Reduction

Assessment of UK Policy Approaches to Poverty ReductionComp atomic form 18, contrast and critically assess two differing preludees to the relief of poverty.IntroductionPoverty is a social problem and how best to deal with it has been the object of study and research since the nineteenth century. Townsend (1979) has defined poverty thusIndividuals, families and groups in the population can be said to be in poverty when they lack the resources to obtain the types of diets, participate in the activities and have the living conditions which are customary, or at least widely encouraged and approved, in the societies to which they belong. Townsend (197931).This paper ordain look at two advancementes to the relief of poverty. The Beveridge approach of full employment and social ensurance, and the eudaimonia to work approach of the modernistic Right and New advertise. There will be a comparison of the differences between these two approaches in terms of their underlying ideologies. T he strengths and weaknesses of two(prenominal) approaches will then be examined in the light of a feminist critique.Beveridge and the Welfare StateIn 1906 what is known as social protection, a range of ground benefits aimed at relieving poverty in the general population, began with various Acts, the most important being the introduction of pensions. The Welfare State as we know of it today became to the full established between 1946 and 1948 following the 1942 publication of the Beveridge report. This said that there were five giants which were the underlying causes of poverty, these were disease, ignorance, squalor, idleness and want. The report suggested a system which was aimed at relieving poverty finished the introduction of a number of measures including National Assurance. This was a system of benefits that were based on everyone paying some money out of what they earned to the establishment. This was National Insurance, those who did not pay this were entitled to the s afety net of National Assistance. This was to be made available to all masses at times of greatest need. It was never envisaged that people would be reliant on it for a good part of their adult life. National Assistance eventually became known as social security (Moore et al, 2002). At the corresponding time the Government also introduced the National Health Service. In addition to this it extended the landed estate education system in 1944 to include subsidiary education, raising the school leaving age to fifteen. The policies that solvented from the Beveridge Report tried to ensure that people would be looked after from the cradle to the grave. Post-War welfare reform was basically a war on poverty and was based on a vision of full employment and a social contract between the Government and the members of company each of whom had represent responsibility for their welfare.The system grew out of the thinking of the economist John Milton Keynes. It became known as universal w elfare provision where the state was knobbed in peoples lives at all levels (Giddens, 2001). The post-war government also introduced a system of benefits for couples with children in the Family Allowances Act of 1945, this later (1975) became known as baby Benefit which replaced family recompense and tax benefits for families with children. It was payable to all families for each child.The National Health Service grew out of the publishing of a National Health work Bill by Anuerin Bevan in 1946. Healthcare and hospitalisation were envisioned as being free at the point of access but by the fifties the Government were forced to introduce some charges for dentistry, spectacles and prescriptions to ease the growing tax burden (Marsh et al, 2000).. The Post War welfare state was based on theories of full employment. It had not envisioned massive unemployment and the resultant reduction in tax revenue. Butler (1993).notes that there have been differing views on governments portion i n welfare provision and it is only in recent years that there has been a consensus on this. It is not however, a consensus that benefits the vast majority of the population.The New Right and New LabourIn 1979 the worldly-minded Government headed by Margaret Thatcher came to power. Government debastes centered around a free commercialise economy versus the welfare state. The new government introduced measures that would roll back the welfare state and control spending. They did this by introducing marketing concepts and business strategies into policy making. They also began an intense process of privatization because it was theme that public ownership of companies, and the public sector in general undermined market forces. Introducing marketing principles into social care allow Governments to (hypothetically at least) improve service. It also enables a government to retain a greater degree of control. Giddens (2001) says thatthe momentum of Thatcherism in economic matters was be ar oned by the privatising of public companies..(this)..is held to reintroduce healthy economic controversy in place of unwieldy and in burdenive public bureaucracies, reduce public expenditure and end political interference in managerial decisions (Giddens, 2001434).The introduction of market forces into social care was considered the best way of allocating resources because free markets were considered to be self organising (Olssen 2000).It was anticipated that this would increase productivity and improve care while at the same time being cost efficient. Government discourses, both Conservative and New Labour have revolved around the notion that the introduction of market mechanisms would result in a more equitable system. Alcock (1994) has argued that the Conservative policies which rolled back the welfare state and introduced changes into social care and the benefits system resulted in greater unemployment, a rise in the number of homeless people, and a general growth in social inequality.In 1997 the Conservative Government was voted out and New Labour came into power, with its New Deal promising a hand up not a hand out. It was believed that the introduction of market forces would improve the economy. In reality it has had the effect of excluding some people from mainstream society and led to the setting up by the present Government of the neighborly Exclusion Unit in 1997. This Unit is an causa of the contradictions engaged in by policy makers in a free market economy. On the one hand the general philosophical approach of both this Government and its predecessor has been on the responsibility of the single. This is nowhere better expressed than in Labours New Deal Documentation.The present Government with its intercourse of a third way have continued to build on the policies introduced by the Conservatives and it is here that theorists make there is a new consensus. Means examen has not only continued but increased and this is nowhere more evident than in the Governments policy on employment. Job seekers allowance is dependent on a person actively seeking work and Job Centres now have the powers to stop a persons benefits if they are not seen to be pro-active in finding a job. Under New Labour many of the welfare reforms introduced by the Conservatives have been continued yet the rush Minister maintains that his party differs from the old way of universal provision and from the New Right policies of the Conservatives. New Labour, he maintains, offers a third way. This draws on ideas from a number of areas and stresses the importance of business success in providing wealth for society and reducing unemployment. This view also promises freedom from discrimination based on gender, race, age and disability. Critics maintain that this view is little more than conservativism with some bolt ons.Universal Provision or the New Right?Welfare provision arises from societys concerns for social justice and the redistribution of wealth ( Sears, 2001)The post-war welfare state claimed to be based upon the idea of universal provision. That is to say that everyone in a certain category would get word a given benefit sooner than having to prove their entitlement by means testing. In reality even in the early days of the welfare state few provisions were truly universal because most of them were means tested (Moore et al, 2002). Post-War welfare provision was largely a result of the activities of the social democrats. In this approach the Government in power should ensure that every citizen has the right to be free of poverty and healthcare should be provided on the basis of need rather than the ability to pay. Poverty stems from the idea that modern society produces people who are victims, the unemployed, the disabled, and those who suffer from long term illness. The duty of the state is to look after much(prenominal) people (Giddens, 2001). Many commentators however are of the opinion that the welfare state failed to deliver its promises. Alcock (1994) has argued that while the post-war welfare state may not have been victorious it had attempted to bring about equality in society. He maintains that the Conservative Government that was in power from 1979-1997 arguably actively pursued policies that created greater inequalities.Conservative and New Right thinking (and in this one should include New Labour) do not subscribe to the victims approach but believe that each individual is largely responsible for their own welfare. This approach is not really new, it dates back to the Elizabethan Poor Laws and most particularly to the reforms of that law in the 1830s. it argues that state services are not efficient and that welfare should be provided through the market, the family and charity, this encouraged self-reliance. New Right policies, it is argued, hit the poorest in society.Under the Conservatives the wages of those at the glare end of the labour market fell to an extent where some people wer e earning less than they would have receive on benefits. As a result of this the Government introduced benefits much(prenominal) as the Family Credit system to subsidise wages (Deakin, 1994). These kinds of policies harked back to the Poor Law where the poor were required to work for the poor relief that they received, such policies also make a distinction between the deserving and undeserving poor, whereas the welfare state in many ways appeared more equitable. However, some theorists maintain that this type of provision was only possible because it was based on the subordination of one set of people to another.Feminist ApproachesFeminists argue that we live in a society that for centuries has worked for the benefit of men and that the cost has been borne by women. Thus social policy is based on an existing set of social inequalties (Abbott and Wallace, 1997). Oakley (1982) has long maintained that the welfare state and its legislation operates for the benefit of the wider econom y and for the worker. As a result of the nineteenth century distinction between the public and private spheres, and womens banishment from the workplace, those who benefit from this legislation are men. The whole system is based on traditional notions of the family where the man is the breadwinner and his wife and children are dependants. This concept if the family and the fact that both males and females are socialized into different gender roles means that women have been disadvantaged in the education system, in the workplace, and in the wider society. Feminists have lobbied for equal pay for equal work and against sexual harassment and discrimination in the workplace. While feminists will allow that the welfare state has played some role in advancing womens independence e.g. the provision of benefits to women who leave violent partners, and legislation on pay, it also tends to reinforce traditional gender roles. (Moore et al, 2002).ConclusionThis assignment has looked at diffe rent types of welfare provision and then compared their ideological underpinnings. It has also given a feminist critique of welfare in general. It would seem that there is no piano answer for policy makers, and perhaps nothing short of a total redistribution of wealth in society would alleviate the increasing spread of poverty in the world.BibliographyAbbott, P and Wallace, C (1997) An Introduction to Sociology, Feminist Perspectives Routledge, capital of the United Kingdom.Alcock, P. 1994 Back to the Future Victorian Values for the 21st Century in Murray, C. 1994 Underclass The Crisis Deepens London, IEABeveridge, William (1944). Full Employment in a Free Society. London Allen and UnwinButler, A. 1993 The end of post war consensus Political Quarterly Vol 64 No. 4 pp 435-446Deakin, N. 1994 The Politics of Welfare Hemel Hempstead, Harvester WheatsheafGiddens, A. 2001 quaternary ed. Sociology Cambridge, Polity PressMarsh, Keating and Eyre et al 2000 2nd ed. Sociology Making Sense of Society Essex, Pearson EducationMoore, S. Scourfield, P. Sinclair, S. Burch, S. and Wendon, B. 3rd ed. 2002 Social Welfare Alive Cheltenham, Nelson Thornes.Oakley, A (1982) Subject Woman, Fontana, LondonOlssen, M. 2000 Ethical liberalism, education and the New Right Journal of Educational Policy Vol 15No. 5 2000 pps 481-508Sears, M 2001 Welfare with or without the state British Pluralists, American Progressives, and the Conditions of Social Justice The European Legacy Vol 6 No. 2 pp. 201-213 2001Townsend, P. 1979. Poverty in the United Kingdom. Harmondsworth, Penguin.http//www.victorianweb.org/history/poorlaw/elizpl.html

Generation of Extreme Ultraviolet Radiation

Generation of Extreme Ultraviolet RadiationGeneration of Extreme Ultraviolet Radiation from uttermost(prenominal) Laser-Plasma interactions using Two-Colour HarmonicsBRIEF floorOver the past few decades breakthroughs in the production of intense optical maser themes have meant that multi-terawatt and even petawatt systems argon immediately standard in laboratories**. This has been achieved through reduction of the pulsation duration, originally from nanosecond pulses down to femtosecond and of late reaching attosecond levels (1as =10-18s)**. This coupled with important make betterments to systems, such as the chirped pulse working out technique (CPA)**, has allowed optical maser pulses to be amplified to higher peak powers than ever before and apply in optical maser-matter interactions. The resulting scientific drive from developments such as these pushed achievable laser intensities from 109W/cm2 to the 1014W/cm2, at which the interaction between these high transport l asers and chummy negatron-free muck up was studied**.Only recently thanks to advances in both laser writ of execution and computer simulation tools has study on laser- blood germ plasm interactions in the generation of HHG made progress, providing the possibility to generate sources of incoherent electromagnetic radiation of short wavelength and pulse durations**. As further study was carried out on the interaction of washy with relativistic free electrons in germ plasm, it has reached a point now in which generation of high-harmonics of the important laser, soft and hard x-rays, and shorter pulse duration (1as) lasers of intensities reaching 1018W/cm2 be now possible**. Due to this the generation of high- stray-harmonics from high- rapture laser interactions has been a major argona of attoscience enquiry inside the last decade.HHG PRODUCTIONHigh harmonic generation (HHG) refers to the parade in which a high colour laser pulse is foc utilised onto a target, classically a noble gas, in which strong nonlinear interactions result in the generation of very high harmonics of the optical relative frequence of the pulse**. This depart occur for intensities of 1014W/cm2 and above, where typically only a small heart and soul of this energy is converted into the higher harmonics. From these high-harmonics, spatially and temporally coherent attosecond pulses of extreme ultraviolet timid puke be generated, which can then be used as a reliable source of highly tuneable short wavelength radiation in umteen different applications e.g. x-ray spectroscopy**.In the case of high intensity laser-gas interactions this is achieved by tailoring the intensity of the laser pulse so that its electric field amplitude is similar to the electric field in the target atoms**. From this the lasers electric field is able to remove electrons from the atoms through tunnel ionisation, at which point the electrons are speed in the field and, with certain conditions controlled, are made to collide with the newly created ion upon recombination. The resulting collision generates the emission of high energy photons**, as shown in design 1.Fig. 1 HHG three step model.This is known as the three step model electron is detached from atom through tunnel ionisation, then accelerated inside the field away from atom, then accelerated back towards atom where it collides and recombines, from this collision all the energy lost appears as emitted HHG ultraviolet photons.HHG from laser-gas interactions have been used extensively to generate attosecond pulses tho is limited in flux and photon energy by low conversion efficiencies between the ride laser energy and the attosecond pulses, this can be attributed to two key factors loss of variant matching between the control laser to the generated extreme ultraviolet (XUV) radiation as its propagated through the gas over a relatively large distance, and a restriction on the intensity of the driving laser ascribable to th e ionisation threshold of the target gas, this impregnation intensity is roughly 1016W/cm2**. Meaning laser intensities above this threshold limit volition over-ionise the gas leaving no neutral atoms left to generate the XUV harmonics.The use of laser-solid interaction offers the opportunity of reaching much higher attosecond pulse intensities and generation efficiencies beyond the capabilities of gas based HHG**. The method of generating high-harmonics in laser-solid interactions is first harmonicly different than that of laser-gas interactions.Interaction of intense ultrashort laser pulses (of pulse duration around a few femtoseconds) on an optically polished solid stand up results in the target surface being completely ionized, generating a dense plasma which will act as a reverberate, called a plasma mirror**. The reflection of these high intensity laser pulses will be affected by a wave motion set-up in the electrons within the plasma surface causing it to distort the re flected laser field, resulting in the production of upshifted light pulses and the generation of high-order harmonics**. Due to the coherent nature of this process, these generated harmonics are phase-locked and emerge as attosecond pulse.Fig. 2 Laser pulse moving towards overdense plasma.A key property of this plasma is its electron tautness, this determines whether the laser is reflected, absorbed or not allowed to pass through. This is known as the tightness gradient denture length, as the laser pulse interacts with the target and forms a plasma it creates a profile that extends out into the vacuum, forming a plasma density profile. This is a critical factor in HHG and consists of two regionsOverdense scale length, Lod If the electron density is equal to the critical density of the target or above, extending up to the maximum target density, the laser pulse is unavailing to penetrate through the target and is so reflected or absorbed.Underdense scale length, Lud If the electro n density is below this critical density the laser will penetrate through, with or so absorption.Fig. 3 Plasma density profile, Lud is underdense region, Lod is overdense region.The critical density is determined fromWhere is the angular absolute frequency of the laser.As assertd before the target surface is highly ionised by the leading edge of the laser pulse, known as the pre-pulse, accordingly becoming rapidly over-dense and creating a plasma mirror of sufficient electron density, nenc**. HHG within plasma requires laser intensities 1015W/cm2 for 800nm field**, which is usually stated in terms of a normalised vector potential of a0, whereIn which e and m are electron charge and electron mass respectively. c is speed of light in vacuum. E is the amplitude of the lasers electric field. I is the lasers intensity. l is the laser frequency and l is the laser wavelength. and so HHG in plasma requires at least an a00.03.Recently is was discovered** that there are two mechanisms th at lead to HHG from solid density plasma surfaces Relativistic vibrate mirror (ROM) Coherent wake emission (CWE)These two process result in different distortions to the reflected laser field and therefore a completely different harmonic spectra produced.CWECoherent wake emission is a process of three stepsElectrons on the surface of the plasma are drawn into the vacuum by the laser field and accelerated back into the dense plasma once they have gained energy from the driving laser field.When propagating within the dense plasma these fast electrons form ultrashort bunches, creating plasma oscillations in their wake.Within the non-uniform region of the plasma (produced from the density gradient between the plasma-vacuum boundary) the electron oscillations will branch out energy in the form of light of various local plasma frequencies found within this gradient.This process will occur once for every laser cycle therefore the spectrum of the emitted light will consist of harmonics of the laser frequency, in which CWE harmonic spectra have a cutoff at the maximum plasma frequency pmax **. This mechanism is predominant at moderately relativistic intensities of a01, and short but finite plasma gradient lengths of **.Coherent wake emission has only recently been identified as a factor in HHG in laser-solid interactions but it is known that it along with ROM contributes to the generation of high-harmonic orders below pmax and the strength of their respective bias below this threshold is determined by laser intensity**.ROMThe other mechanism involved in the generation of high-harmonics from laser-plasma interactions is the relativistic oscillating mirror process, this dominates for relativistic normalised vector potentials of a01, although recent studies have shown that ROM harmonics can be observed even at lower intensities when the plasma gradient length is some **.ROM process occurs when surface electrons in the plasma are oscillated collectively by the high inte nsity casualty laser field to relativistic speeds, the plasma will reflect what it observes as a laser pulse of frequency +. This + frequency is a higher upshifted frequency of the extreme pulse due to a Doppler effect produced from the relative motion of the laser field to the moving reflection point on the oscillating plasma surface. The actual reflected laser pulse will have a frequency of ++ due to a second Doppler upshift effect as it moves towards an observer/target. This is known as Einsteins relativistic Doppler effect, in which the reflected pulse frequency is upshifted by a factor of 42**. Fig 4. Schematic of a relativistic oscillating critical density plasma interaction.From past look into it has been found that from this mechanism a power-law decay scaling of I(n)ROMn-8/3 is dominant (where n is the harmonic order) in the harmonic spectrum for harmonic orders above the CWE cut-off point, nCWE,** this is the harmonic order related to the maximum plasma frequency of the target, pmax, mentioned previously. WherenCWE = nmax = pmax/l = In which l is the frequency of the laser, is the maximum electron density of the target, Nc is the critical density shown previously.From this process initial femtosecond pulses can be used to create attosecond pulses. When coupled to a relativistic oscillating mirror it adds an oscillatory extension to Einsteins relativistic Doppler effect, so due to the periodic motion of the mirror to the laser field and the double Doppler upshifts this results in the production of extreme ultraviolet (XUV) harmonics**. These ultra-short pulses have been the focus of much scientific research recently as they offer a promising way to resolve in the time dobriny the ultrafast dynamics of electrons within materials**.Although the relativistic oscillating mirror process is more suited as a macroscopic model for the effective reflection point of the laser field. It assumes that the surface electrons bunch together as the target is ionis ed and move out into the vacuum to form the plasma where they remain in the overdense region ensuring that the laser field is completely reflected. much recently studies have discovered there is another mechanism in the relativistic regime that can contribute to the harmonic spectrum via a different process entirely.CSEThis other process is known as Coherent synchrotron emission (CSE)** and is needed to explain observations that do not fit the previous two models, in which dense electron nanobunches are created at the plasma-vacuum boundary where they produce coherent XUV radiation through coherent synchrotron emission. This is a microscopic model of HHG in laser-solid interactions. It models the electrons in the plasma moving, in dense bunches, under the influence of the incident laser field and subsequent fields produced from the movement of charges within the plasma. These nanobunches are periodically formed and coherently accelerated through an instantaneously synchrotron-like orbit during each laser cycle, for oblique laser incidences. As certain conditions, such as ultrashort plasma density scale length, are met these bunches emit bursts of sub-femtosecond intense high-frequency radiation. This radiation has properties dependent on the electron trajectories and it has been shown that it can be modelled as synchrotron radiation**, therefore the coherent XUV emissions are distinctly different from that produced in ROM from relativistic Doppler upshifts. In reality actual electron dynamics may be a mix of CSE and ROM, but due to the complex nature of the changing fields within a plasma it makes it impossible to analytically model with accuracy. Therefore requiring the use of computer simulations to deal with the electron trajectories and their respective radiation emissions.PREVIOUS EXPERIMENTSBased on the work of Edwards et al, 2014, in which the study of attosecond XUV pulse generation from relativistic driven overdense plasma targets with two-colour in cident light was performed they used 1D, three velocity, particle-in-cell ( word picture) code simulations, which treat oblique incidence with boosted frames, to show how pulse intensity can be improved. They converted a small amount (5%) of the fundamental laser field energy to an additional laser operating at the second harmonic of the fundamental frequency, to significantly enhance the intensity of the generated attosecond pulses by multiple orders of magnitude.This was based on previous work in which mixing of the fundamental driving laser frequency with the second harmonic was performed on laser-gas interactions to increase the attosecond pulse intensity and closing off (K. J. Schafer et al, 1992).Edwards demonstrated that a significant improvement was also possible through this mixing method in laser-solid interactions avocation the Similarity theory (proposed by Gordienko and Pukhov,**), that suggests the behaviour of laser-plasma interactions follow a similarity parameter o f1/S = a0/N lWhere S = ne/a0nc, is a similarity parameter and N = ne/nc which is the ratio of electron density of the plasma to its critical density.Therefore from this it would appear that by doubling l maculation using the same laser field amplitude the reflected attosecond pulse intensity would also be increase by a factor of two.One of the main limiting parameters in these experiments is the achievable value of a0, while the largest solid material value of N (lithium at =800nm) is 75, so this type of frequency doubling appears to be a promising pathway to optimising attosecond pulse intensity, although a drawback of this is the negative effect it has on the isolation of the reflected pulses.Therefore they stated that a two-colour method, of partially converting a shell out of the fundamental laser field energy to the second harmonic, would be a more attractive alternative. Through this process the advantages of using a higher incident frequency, by increasing the gradient of the electric field at certain points within the pulse generation cycle, without the related decrease in pulse isolation and loss of energy associated to simple frequency doubling can be exploited.In their study they used a normal-incidence beam on a step-like plasma density profile using a mix of the first and second harmonic with a phase difference of to produce harmonics with a higher intensity than either incident field individually. They demonstrate substantial gains after the addition of a small amount of the second harmonic to achieve attosecond pulse sweetener of factors 10. As well as a 10-fold enhancement when using density gradients of 0.05 and 0.15 with conversions of the fundamental to the second harmonic of 5%-10% at an angle of incidence of =30o.Therefore Edwards was able to go on and state that the relative phase of the two incident harmonics were a critical factor in the improvement in attosecond pulse intensity. This is due to the difference in the driving electric field waveform and corresponding resultant electron motion as is varied. Where they linked the strongest attosecond pulse intensities with subtile transitions in the driving electric field that are aided by the addition of the second harmonic at optimum phases, while phases that break the driving field transition reduce the attosecond intensities to levels sometimes substantially below what could be achieved pre-mixing of the harmonics.Therefore when harmonics are combined without thought to their phases they do not always improve the attosecond strength.Further detail into the trajectories of dense electron bunches, which emit synchrotron like radiation (CSE) was given to help explain this effect, where supressed pulse electrons were shown to follow a longer and lazy motion before being accelerated and subsequently emitting, resulting in longer elongated trajectories. Whereas electrons that contribute to the improvement of the attosecond pulse strength are shown to experience a larger field before and during emission. This meant their velocity and acceleration components were larger than the suppressed electrons, giving them more energy as it is driven back into the plasma.Overall they state that the larger the electric field experienced by the electrons increases the intensity of the reflected attosecond pulse, due to the number of electrons travelling in a dense bunch increasing as this larger field that the electrons near the surface experience compresses them into higher density bunches.Another study performed by Yeung et al, 2016, focused on controlling the attosecond motion of potently driven electrons at the boundary between the pre-formed plasma and the vacuum. They demonstrated experimentally that by precisely adding an additional laser field, at the second harmonic of the fundamental driving frequency, attosecond control over the trajectories of the dense electron bunches involved in intense laser-plasma interactions can be achieved. From this considerable improvements in the high-harmonic generation intensity was observed, which confirms the suppositious work by Edwards in two-colour fields reviewed previously while developing upon this to further factors.Experimentally they showed that attosecond control over the phase relationship of the two driving fields is necessary to optimise the reflected attosecond pulse intensity. While also using PIC simulations to determine the optimal and worst phase relationships, in which a phase of was found to optimise the emission.Microscopic focus determined that during each cycle the emission of the attosecond pulse begins as a primary electron bunch which is tight and then quickly accelerated away from the surface up to relativistic velocities, from here it emits before it disperses and returns back to the plasma. Secondary bunches are also present but these were found not to have a significant effect harmonic spectrum for orders 20. These bunches were found to emit when their vel ocities where at their max, which confirmed that the two-colour field phase matched the emitted XUV to the acceleration produced from the fundamental laser field. While at the poorest phase relationship, which Yeung found to be , a plateau in the driving laser field is created which impedes the acceleration of the electrons from the surface, therefore step-down the density of the electron bunch produced that can emit.They concluded from the data provided by the simulations that control of the relative phase of the two colour driving fields has a significant effect the electron bunch dynamics.While from the experimental data their collected it was demonstrated that the HHG produced from the two-colour field was increased substantially when no laser pre-pulse was involved, or equivalently when the plasma has shorter density scale length. Confirming the work of Edwards et al, 2014, that two-colour fields generate significantly more higher-harmonic orders than that of a fundamental fie ld alone, even when only a small percentage (5%-10%) of the fundamental laser energy is converted to the second harmonic.INTRODUCTION TO TWO-COLOUR HARMONICS-ABSTRACTBRIEF SUMMARY OF EXPERIMENT, RESULTS AND CONCLUSION 1xINTRODUCTIONBRIEF HISTORY .5xHHG PRODUCTION .5xCWE 1xROM 2x (inc. plasma theory e.g. scale length)CSE 1xCOMPARISON WITH GAS EXPERIMENTS 1xPAST EXPERIMENTS LEADING UP TO THIS ONE 2xINTRODUCTION INTO SPECIFICS OF THIS EXPERIMENT 1xMETHODPIC CODES EXPLAINED 2xEPOCH DETAILS 1xLASER DETAILS 1xPROCESS OF ANALYSIS .5xCREATION OF GRAPHS .5xRESULTSGRAPHSCOMPARE CONTRASTIMPLICATIONSCONCLUSIONFURUTRE RESEARCH 1xIMPROVEMENTS 1x

Essay --

Joseph J. Ellis is a known historian of early American history, and an award-winning author. In 2001, he won the Pulitzer Prize in History for his book invention Brothers. Ellis has authored several other history books about the Revolutionary generation, including The Character and Legacy of John Adams American Creation Triumphs and Tragedies at the Founding of the Republic His Excellency George Washington and many more. Ellis earned his B.A. from the College of William and Mary in 1965. He then received a Master of Arts, a Master of Philosophy, and a PhD from Yale University. Ellis is also a regular contributor to several notable publications including The New York Times, The Los Angeles Times, The Wall Street Journal, and The New Yorker. His Excellency George Washington was published in 2004, Ellis intend to seek the major periods of Washingtons carriage in order to offer a profile of the man first in War, first in Peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen. Ellis states t hat his goal in writing His Excellency was to not produce a work that examined not George Washingtons life, but his personality and how his life shaped it. Ellis focuses on very specific questions here, namely how George Washingtons character influenced his public decisions, and how he came to be the symbol of not just American leadership but, earlier, of the holy Revolutionary cause. He traces Washingtons life from his youthful, energetic, impulsive military decisions and a string of near-catastrophic mistakes, to his later, steady leadership of the fledgling American republic. Ellis demonstrates the parts of Washingtons character such as his ability to turn down offered powers, which then he turns into not just his own personal success bu... ...uccessful in his initial strategy for the War of Independence, losing more or less every engagement fought against the British and their Prussian allies. He serves throughout the entire war unharmed by bullet, blade, or bomb, seemingly l ucky or mayhap protected by divine providence. The colonists are joined by France and win a critical battle at Saratoga, New York. Overall 8 pertinacious years would pass and the Continental Army would suffer from disease (smallpox), lack of supplies, low morale, and no pay before finally striking the winning devastate at Yorktown, Virginia against General Cornwallis. Washington, weary and much aged from the years of battles and deprivation, he then retired to his landholdings and slave labor estates. Despite his previous withdrawal from public life Washington accepts the Presidency when elected and cements his legacy as the father of our country.