Corrections for attenuation and corrections for range restriction

Corrections for attenuation and corrections for range restriction One of the most pervasive methodological problems in the educational and psychological field entails determination of the techniques which are to be used in assessing the nature and strength of the relationship between various measures. Of course, the correlation coefficient has provided the field with a viable statistical tool for solving this problem. Unfortunately, in some instances the appropriateness of correlational techniques may be limited by the operation of certain statistical biases in actual data bases. Thorndike (1949) has noted that two of these biases, termed range restriction and attenuation effects, can exert a powerful diminishing influence on the magnitude of observed correlation coefficients. Range restriction occurs when a researcher wants to estimate the correlation between two variables (x and y) in a population, but subjects are selected on x, and data for y are only available for a selected sample (Raju Brand, 2003). This occurs for example when scores from admission tests are used to predict academic success in higher education or are compared with grades in the program they were admitted to (Gulliksen, 1950; Thorndike, 1949). Because selection is made on the basis of scores from these kinds of instruments, the range of scores is restricted in the sample. Although the correlation between test scores and academic success can be obtained for the restricted sample, the correlation for the population of applicants remains unknown. Due to the range restriction in test scores, the correlation obtained is expected to be an underestimate of the correlation in the population (Hunter Schmidt, 1990; Henriksson Wolming, 1998). Attenuation effects refer to the fact that an observed correlation coefficient will tend to underestimate the true magnitude of the relationship between two variables to the extent that these measures are not an accurate reflection of true variation, i.e., to the extent that they are unreliable. In some applied studies, the operation of these biases may be acceptable. Yet when an investigation centers on determining the true strength of the relationship between two sets of measures, the operation of these biases in the experimental data base constitutes a serious, often unavoidable, confound (Crocker Algina, 1986; Worthen, White, Fan, Sudweeks, 1999). Psychometrics has long been aware of the implications of range restriction and attenuation effects with respect to the inferences drawn by researchers concerning the magnitude of relationships. Consequently, a variety of formulas have been derived which permit the researcher to correct data based estimates of the magnitude of a correlation coefficient for the operation of these influences (Guilford, 1954; Stanley, 1971). The aim of this review is to discuss the importance of correcting for range restriction and correcting for attenuation in predictive validity studies and review two methods to correction for range restriction (Thorndikes case II and ML estimates obtained from the EM algorithm) and two methods to correction for attenuation (traditional approach and latent variable modeling approach). Results from research evaluating the use of these methods will also be discussed. Importance of corrections for range restriction and attenuation effects As early as the beginning of the last century, Pearson (1903), in developing the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, noticed problems due to range restriction and attenuation and discussed possible solutions. Since then, a great number of studies have examined the biasing effect of these statistical artifacts (e.g., Alexander, 1988; Dunbar Linn, 1991; Lawley, 1943; Linn, Harnisch, Dunbar, 1981; Schmidt, Hunter, Urry, 1976; Thorndike, 1949; Sackett Yang, 2000). It is evident from literature that both range restriction and attenuation can create serious inaccuracies in empirical research, especially in the fields of employment and educational selection. The need for correcting validity coefficients for statistical artifacts is becoming more recognized. Validity generalization research has demonstrated that artifacts like range restriction and attenuation account for large percentages of the variance in distributions of validity coefficients. Although the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychologys (SIOP) Principles (1987) recommend correcting validity coefficients for both range restriction and criterion unreliability, researchers rarely do so. Ree et al. (1994) discussed the application of range restriction corrections in validation research. They reviewed validity articles published in Educational and Psychological Measurement, Journal of Applied Psychology, and Personnel Psychology between 1988 and 1992. Ree et al. (1994) concluded that only 4% of the articles dealing with validation topics applied range restriction corrections. Researchers may be reluctant to apply corrections for range restriction and attenuation for several reasons. Seymour (1988) referred to statistical corrections as hydraulic, implying that researchers can achieve a desired result by pumping up the corrections. Another reason for reluctance in applying corrections may be because the APA Standards (1974) stated that correlations should not be doubly corrected for attenuation and range restriction. The more current Standards (1985), however, endorse such corrections. A third reason for not using the corrections is that knowledge of unrestricted standard deviations is often lacking (Ree et al., 1994). Finally, researchers may be concerned that in applying corrections to correlation coefficients, they may inadvertently overcorrect. Linn et al. (1981) stated that, procedures for correcting correlations for range restriction are desperately needed in highly selective situations (i.e., where selection ratios are low) (p. 661). They continued, The results also clearly support the conclusion that corrections for range restriction that treat the predictor as the sole explicit selection variable are too small. Because of this undercorrection, the resulting estimates still provide a conservative indication of the predictive value of the predictor (p. 661). Linn et al. stated that ignoring range restriction and/or attenuation corrections because they may be too large is overly cautious. They suggested the routine reporting of both observed and corrected correlations. Both observed and corrected correlations should be reported because there is no significance test for corrected correlations (Ree et al., 1994). Based on the logic and suggestions from literature, there appear to be a number of reasons to correct for restriction of range and attenuation in predictive validity studies. These corrections could be used to adjust the observed correlations for biases, and thus yield more accurate results. Correction Methods for Range Restriction There are several methods for correcting correlations for range restriction. This review is meant to examine two approaches to correction for range restriction; Thorndikes case II and ML estimates obtained from the EM algorithm. These methods will be described first, and then results from research evaluating their use will be discussed. Thorndikes case II Thorndikes (1949) Case II is the most commonly used range restriction correction formula in an explicit selection scenario. Explicit selection is a process, based on the predictor x, that restricts the availability of the criterion y. The criterion is only available (measured) for the selected individuals. For example, consider the seemingly straightforward case where there is direct selection on x (e.g., no one with a test score below a specified cutoff on x is selected into the organization) (Mendoza, 1993). Thorndikes Case II equation can be written as follows Rxy = where Rxy = the validity corrected for range restriction; rxy = the observed validity in the restricted group; and ux = sx/Sx, where sx and Sx are the restricted and unrestricted SDs of x, respectively. Both the restricted and unrestricted SDs of x are available at hand. The use of this formula requires that the unrestricted, or population, variance of x be known. Although often this is known, as in the case of a predictive study where all applicants are tested and test data on all applicants are retained, it is not uncommon to encounter the situation in which test data on applicants who were not selected are discarded and thus are not available to the researcher who later wishes to correct the sample validity coefficient for range restriction (Sackett and Yang, 2000). Issues with Thorndikes case II method Thorndikes Case II is by far the most widely used correction method. It is appropriate under the condition of direct range restriction (a situation where applicants are selected directly on test scores). Researchers used it and proved its appropriateness. For example, Chernyshenko and Ones (1999) and Wiberg and Sundstrà ¶m (2009) showed that this formula produced close estimates of correlation in a population. Although the use of Thorndikes Case II formula is straightforward, this formula imposes some requirements. First, it requires that the unrestricted, or population, variance of x be known. Second, the formula requires that there is no additional range restriction on additional variables. If the organization also imposes an additional cutoff, such as a minimum education requirement, applying the Case II formula produces a biased result. In this example, if education level (z) and test score (x) are known for all applicants, a method for solving the problem exists (Aitken, 1934). Third, the correction formula requires two assumptions: that the x-y relationship is linear throughout the range of scores (i.e., the assumption of linearity) and that the error term is the same in the restricted sample and in the population (i.e., the assumption of homoscedasticity). Note that no normality assumption is required for the formula (Lawley, 1943). Another issue that was found in literature with this method arises when it is applied for indirect restriction of range (a case where the applicants are selected on another variable that is correlated with the test scores) even though it has been shown to underestimate validity coefficients (Hunter Schmidt, 2004, Ch. 5; Hunter et al., 2006; Linn et al., 1981; Schmidt, Hunter, Pearlman, Hirsh, 1985, p. 751). Maximum Likelihood estimates obtained from the Expectation Maximization algorithm Using this approach, the selection mechanism is viewed as a missing data mechanism, i.e. the selection mechanism is viewed as missing, and the missing values are estimated before estimating the correlation. By viewing it as a special case of missing data, we can borrow from a rich body of statistical methods; for an overview see e.g. Little Rubin (2002), Little (1992) or Schafer Graham (2002). There are three general missing data situations; MCAR, MAR and MNAR. Assume X is a variable that is known for all examinees and Y is the variable of interest with missing values for some examinees. MCAR means that the data is Missing Completely At Random, i.e. the missing data distribution does not depend on the observed or missing values. In other words, the probability of missingness in data Y is unrelated to X and Y. MAR means that the data is Missing At Random, i.e. the conditional distribution of data being missing given the observed and missing values depends only on the observed values and not on the missing values. In other words, the probability of missingness in data Y is related to X, but not to Y. MNAR means that data is Missing Not At Random. In other words, the probability of missingness on Y is related to the unobserved values of Y (Little Rubin, 2002; Schafer Graham, 2002). If the data is either MCAR or MAR, we can use imputation methods to replace missing data with estimates. In predictive studies, the selection mechanism that is based solely on X, the data is considered to be MAR (Mendoza, 1993). Using this approach, we can use information on some of the other variables to impute new values. Herzog Rubin (1983) stated that by using imputation one can apply existing analysis tools to any dataset with missing observations and use the same structure and output. There are several different techniques that use imputation to replace missing values. The most commonly applied techniques are mean imputation, hot-deck imputation, cold-deck imputation, regression imputation and multiple imputations (Madow, Olkin, Rubin, 1983; Sà ¤rndal, Swensson, Wretman, 1992). In general, imputation may cause distortions in the distribution of a study variable or in the relationship between two or more variables. This disadvantage can be diminished when e.g. multiple regression imputation is used (Sà ¤rndal et al., 1992). For example, Gustafsson Reuterberg (2000) used regression to impute missing values in order to get a more realistic view of the relationship between grades in upper secondary schools in Sweden and the Swedish Scholastic Achievement Test. Note that regression imputation is questionable to use, because all imputed values fall directly on the regression line, the imputed data lack variability that would be present had both X and Y been collect ed. In other words the correlation would be 1.0 if only computed with imputed values (Little Rubin, 2002). Therefore literature suggest using imputed Maximum Likelihood (ML) estimates for the missing values that are obtained using the Expectation Maximization (EM) algorithm (Dempster, Laird, Rubin, 1977). Maximum likelihood (ML) estimates obtained from the Expectation Maximization (EM) algorithm is imputed for the criterion variable for examinees who failed the selection test for example (Dempster et al., 1977; Little, 1992). The complete and incomplete cases were used together as the EM algorithm reestimates means, variances and covariances until the process converges. The base of EM missing values is an iterative regression imputation. The final estimated moments are the EM estimates including estimates for the correlation. For an extensive description see SPSS (2002). The idea is that the missing Y values are imputed using the following equation where and are the estimates obtained from the final iteration of the EM algorithm. Schaffer and Graham (2002) suggested that using EM imputation is valid when examining missing data. Issues with ML estimates obtained from the EM algorithm method This approach is seldom used with range restriction problems, although it has been mentioned as a possibility (Mendoza, 1993). In a more recent study, Mendoza, Bard, Mumford, Ang, (2004) concluded that the ML estimates obtained from the EM algorithm procedure produced far more accurate results. Wiberg and Sundstrà ¶m (2009) evaluated this approach in an empirical study and their results indicated that ML estimates obtained from the EM algorithm seem to be a very effective method of estimating the population correlation. Since there is not much work in literature examining the appropriateness and effectiveness of this approach, many questions need to be answered when using ML estimates obtained from the EM algorithm for correction for range restriction. Many researches need to evaluate the use of this approach in areas that are of special interest include simulations of different population correlations and different selection proportions when using the missing data approach. Regarding the EM imputation approach, one important research question is how many cases can be imputed  [1]  at the same time as we obtain a good estimate of the population correlation. Correction Methods for Attenuation In educational and psychological research, it is well known that measurement unreliability, that is, measurement error, attenuates the statistical relationship between two composites (e.g., Crocker Algina, 1986; Worthen, White, Fan, Sudweeks, 1999). In this review, two approaches for correcting attenuation effects caused by measurement error; traditional approach and latent variable modeling approach, will be described and results from research evaluating their use will be discussed. Traditional approach In classical test theory, the issue of attenuation of correlation between two composites caused by measurement unreliability is usually discussed within the context of score reliability and validity. More specifically, if there are two measured variables x and y, their correlation is estimated by the Pearson correlation coefficient rxy from a sample. Because the measured variables x and y contain random measurement error, this correlation coefficient rxy is typically lower than the correlation coefficient between the true scores of the variables Tx and Ty (rTx,Ty) (Fan, 2003). When Spearman first proposed the correction for attenuation, he advocated correcting for both the predictor and the criterion variables for unreliability. His equation, rTx,Ty = , is known as double correction. The double correction performed on the obtained validity coefficient reveals what the relationship would be between two variables if both were measured with perfect reliability. Because measurement error truncates, or reduces, the size of the obtained validity coefficient, the effect of the correction is to elevate the magnitude of the corrected validity coefficient above the magnitude of the obtained validity coefficient. The lower the reliability of the predictor and/or criterion variables, the greater will be the elevation of the correction. If both the test and the criterion exhibit very high reliability, the denominator of the equation will be close to unity, thus rTx,Ty à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€  . The double correction formula was followed by the single correction formula as researchers began to shift the emphasis from test construction to issues of using tests to predict criteria. As the name implies, the formula involves correcting for unreliability in only one of the two variables. The formula would be either rTx,Ty = (correcting for unreliability in the criterion variable only) or rTx,Ty = (correcting for unreliability in the predictor variable only). The rationale for the single correction of the criterion unreliability was best stated by Guilford (1954): In predicting criterion measures from test scores, one should not make a complete [double] correction for attenuation. Corrections should be made in the criterion only. On the one hand it is not a fallible criterion that we should aim to predict, including all its errors; it is a true criterion or the true component of the obtained criterion. On the other hand, we should not correct for errors in the test, because it is the fallible scores from which we must make predictions. We never know the true scores from which to predict. (p. 401) Although most researchers have adopted Guilfords position on correcting only for criterion unreliability, there have been cases where correcting only for unreliability in the predictor was used. However, these occasions appear to be special cases of double correction, where either the reliability of the criterion was unknown or where the criterion was assumed to be measured with perfect reliability. The former situation was not unusual. We often know more about the reliability of tests than the reliability of criteria. The later situation is more unusual in that variables are rarely assessed with perfect reliability. Issues with traditional approach The correction for attenuation due to measurement error is one of the earliest applications of true-score theory (Spearman, 1904) and has been the subject of numerous debates, spurring criticisms from its very inception (e.g., Pearson, 1904). Despite this, no real consensus on correction for attenuation has emerged in the literature, and many ambiguities regarding its application remain. One of the early criticisms is corrected validity coefficients greater than one. Although it is theoretically impossible to have a validity coefficient in excess of 1.00, it is empirically possible to compute such a coefficient using Spearman correction formula. For example, if = .65, = .81, and = .49, rTx,Ty = 1.03 The value of 1.03 is theoretically impossible because valid variance  [2]  would exceed obtained variance (error variance). Psychometricians have offered various explanations for this phenomenon. Before the year ended, Karl Pearson (1904, in his appendix) had declared that any formula that produced correlation coefficients greater than one must have been improperly derived; however, no errors were subsequently found in Spearmans formula. This led to debate over both how correction for attenuation could result in a correlation greater than one and whether a procedure that often resulted in a correlation greater than one was valid. Many explanations for correction for attenuations supposed flaw have been suggested. Error in estimating reliability. Many statistics used to estimate reliability are known to regularly underestimate reliability (i.e., overestimate the amount of error; Johnson, 1944; Osburn, 2000). Whereas this bias is tolerated as being in the preferred direction for some applications (as when a researcher wants to guarantee a minimum reliability), the result of correction for attenuation is inflated if the denominator entered into the equation is less than the accurate value (Winne Belfry, 1982). Other researchers have shown that some reliability estimates can overestimate reliability when transient errors are present; however, it has been argued that this effect is probably small in practice (Schmidt Hunter, 1996, 1999). Normal effects of sampling process. Others, including Spearman (1910), have attempted to explain corrected correlations greater than one as the normal result of sampling error. Worded more explicitly, this asserts that a corrected correlation of 1.03 should fall within the sampling distribution of corrected correlations produced by a population with a true-score correlation less than or equal to one. Despite this, it was some time before researchers first began to examine the sampling distributions of corrected correlations. However, some early studies that have examined the accuracy of correction for attenuation are of note  [3]  . Misunderstanding of random error. Thorndike (1907) applied multiple simulated error sets to a single set of true-score values and concluded that the equation for correction for attenuation worked reasonably well. Johnson (1944) extended this study and demonstrated that random errors would occasionally raise the level of observed correlations above the true-score correlation. In those cases, the equation to correct for attenuation corrects in the wrong direction. Johnsons conclusion that Corrected coefficients greater than one are caused by fluctuations in observed coefficients due to errors of measurement and not by fluctuations caused by errors of sampling, as suggested by Spearman (Johnson, 1944, p. 536). Garside (1958) referenced the various bases of error variance in the coefficients as function fluctuations. Latent variable modeling approach Latent variable approach is considered when a multifactorial test is used in the admission of students to various schools. Most often a composite measure related to the total test score or subtests are used in such prediction. The use of a multiple factor latent variable model for the observed variables comprising the test can make more efficient use of the test information. Correctly assessing the predictive validity in traditional selection studies, without latent variables, is a difficult task involving adjustments to circumvent the selective nature of the sample to be used for the validation. Latent variable modeling of the components of a test in relation to a criterion variable provides more precise predictor variables, and may include factors which have a small number of measurements. For many ability and aptitude tests it is relevant to postulate a model with both a general factor influencing all components of the test, and specific factors influencing more narrow subsets (Fan, 2003). In confirmatory factor analysis where each latent factor has multiple indicators, measurement errors are explicitly modeled in the process. The relationship between such latent factors can be considered as free from the attenuation caused by the measurement error. For example, The  GMAT exam is a standardized assessment that helps business schools assess the qualifications of applicants for advanced study in business and management. The GMAT exam measures three areas; Verbal, Quantitative Reasoning, and Analytical Writing Skills. To illustrate the point, lets look at the verbal exam. The verbal exam measures three related latent variables (Critical Reasoning (), Reading Comprehension (), Grammar and Sentence Structure ()). Each of these variables has many indicators. In such model, is considered to represent the true relationship between the three latent variables (, ,, respectively) that is not attenuated by the measurement error ( to ). This approach for obtaining measurement-err or-free relationship between factors is well-known in the area of structural equation modeling but is rarely discussed within the context of measurement reliability and validity. Using this approach, once the interitem correlation is obtained, the population reliability in the form of Cronbachs coefficient alpha  [4]  could be obtained. Cronbachs coefficient alpha takes the form  Ã‚ ¡ = ) where k is the number of items within a composite, is the sum of item variances, and is the variance of the composite score. The variance of the compositeis simply the sum of item variances ( ) and the sum of item covariances (2). = + 2. The population intervariable correlation is obtained from the two-factor model in the Figure above based on the following (Jà ¶reskog Sà ¶rbom, 1989): ÃŽÂ £ = ΆºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¦ÃƒÅ½Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ² + ÃŽËÅ" where ÃŽÂ £ is the population covariance matrix (correlation matrix for our standardized variables), Άº is the matrix of population pattern coefficients, ÃŽÂ ¦ is the population correlation matrix for the two factors, and ÃŽËÅ" is the covariance matrix of population residuals for the items. Issues with latent variable modeling approach This approach for obtaining measurement-error-free correlation coefficients is well known in the area of structural modeling, but it is rarely discussed within the context of measurement reliability and validity. Fan (2003) used this approach to correct for attenuation and showed that this approach provided not only near identical and unbiased means but also near identical confidence intervals for the sampling distribution of the corrected correlation coefficients. It is pointed out, however, that the latent variable modeling approach may be less applicable in research practice due to more difficult data conditions at the item level in research practice. DeShon (1998) stated that latent variable modeling approach provides a mathematically rigorous method for correcting relationships among latent variables for measurement error in the indicators of the latent variables. However, this approach can only use the information provided to correct for attenuation in a relationship. It is not an all-powerful technique that corrects for all sources of measurement error. Conclusion It has long been recognized that insufficient variability in a sample will restrict the observed magnitude of a Pearson product moment coefficient. Since R. L. Thorndikes days, researchers have been correcting correlation coefficients for attenuation and/or restriction in range. The topic has received considerable attention (Bobko, 1983; Callender Osborn, 1980; Lee, Miller, Graham, 1982; Schmidt Hunter, 1977) and today correlation coefficients are corrected for attenuation and range restriction in a variety of situations. These include test validation, selection, and validity generalization studies (meta-analysis; Hedges Olkin, 1985), such as those conducted by Hunter, Schmidt, and Jackson (1982). For example, Pearlman, Schmidt, and Hunter (1980) corrected the mean correlation coefficient in their validity generalization study of job proficiency in clerical occupations for predictor and criterion unreliability as well as for range restriction on the predictor. There are several methods that can be used to correct correlations for attenuation and range restriction, and some have been more frequently used than others. For correction for attenuation, the traditional method for correcting for attenuation is the best known and is easy to use. However, in more complex modeling situations it is probably easier to adopt an SEM approach to assessing relationships between variables with measurement errors removed than to try to apply the traditional formula on many relationships simultaneously. Fan (2003) shows that the SEM approach (at least in the CFA context) produces equivalent results to the application of the traditional method. For correction for range restriction, the Thorndike case II method has been shown to produce close estimates of the correlation in a population (Hunter Schmidt, 1990). Wiberg and Sundstrà ¶m (2009) show that ML estimates obtained from the EM algorithm approach provides a very good estimate of the correlation in the u nrestricted sample as well. However, because the ML estimates obtained from the EM algorithm approach is not commonly used in range restriction studies, the usefulness and accuracy of this method should be further examined. Using an appropriate method for correcting for attenuation and range restriction is most important when conducting predictive validity studies of instruments used, for example, for selection to higher education or employment selection. The use of inappropriate methods for statistical artifacts correction or no correction method at all could result in invalid conclusions about test quality. Thus, carefully considering methods for correcting for attenuation and range restriction in correlation studies is an important validity issue. The literature reviewed here clearly suggests that practitioners should apply attenuation and range restriction corrections whenever possible, even if the study does not focus on measurement issues (American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, National Council on Measurement in Education, 1999).

Literacy, Love, Loss and Arda Essay

Literacy is important in keeping the history of the Middle-earth. This is to ensure that the future generations could get a grasp on what has happened to the different races; ie Man, Elves, Dwarves, Orcs, Hobbits, Trolls, Goblin-men, Uruk-hai, among others. History and recorded accounts of significant events is especially important to the wizards. This is shown in the part when Gandalf the Grey desired to know more about the ring in Bilbo’s possession. He immediately took the initiative to set out for the right thing to do. He asked Bilbo to leave it, and transfer to Frodo, the one who would be tasked to carry the ring to Rivendell, and later on, to the Crack of Mount Doom. He went to research for records. Fortunately, he found accounts from Isildur. â€Å"It has come to me†¦ the One Ring. It shall be an heirloom of my kingdom. All those who follow my bloodline shall be bound to its fate for I will risk no hurt to the Ring. It is precious to me, though I buy it with great pain. The markings upon the band begin to fade. The writing, which at first as clear as the red flame, has all but disappeared. A secret now that only fire can tell. † (Tolkien) With the history kept intact in that library, he was able to think of the best thing to do – to destroy it. In the mines of Moria, they had to pass a tunnel but there was a door with inscriptures above it. Frodo was able to read what was written there, and asked Gandalf what was the Elvish word for â€Å"friend. † When Gandalf uttered Mellon, the door opened (Tolkien). This showed that being able to read and write got the Fellowship moving. This also reflects that if nobody was educated, it could have been that they were not able to enter that door. This goes down to the truth that the earlier people had educated themselves also as evident in that password, which was made by them. Inside the mine was the kingdom ruled by dwarves. However, they found him already dead, as what was carved on the surface of his tomb. The language of the dwarves – Dwarvish – was helpful in this stage, because Gimli would not have known that Balin was already dead if it was not for the writings. Reading and writing is important to all the creatures of the Middle-earth. It is the most powerful tool to drive back to history of a village, or to a well-known person. It is also used to conceal secrets to treasured places. It is significant also to inform relatives and the society that a respectable lord has died. Most important of it could be its usefulness in terms of transmitting message from day-to-day activities. 2. What is the role of romantic love in the Lord of the Rings? How big a part does it play, and just what is this part? Give examples. The most famous romantic love story exposed in the Lord of the Rings could be that of Aragorn and Arwen. This was exaggerated in the adaptation of the novel into movie. â€Å"I would rather share one lifetime with you than face all the ages of this world alone†¦ I choose a mortal life†¦ It is mine to give whom I will†¦ like my heart. † These lines of Arwen, possibly coming from the deepest portion of her heart reflected the utmost devotion and truest affection in her heart for Aragorn. This love for Aragorn influenced her to make the biggest and most daring decision ever – to give up immortality, which has been a precious gift to the race where she belonged. She opted to be mortal and loved Aragorn, who also loved her so much. Their love for each other was so powerful that gave them inspiration to head on with their lives. Later near the end of their journey, they had a child, who was seen by Arwen when she was walking towards a life that never ends. This made them strong against the dark force enwrapping Middle-earth and the loneliness that kept on haunting them (Tolkien). Smeagol also had this passionate affection with the One Ring. He stayed in the dark Misty Mountains all by himself, but never thought of leaving the ring to somebody. He felt in love with the beauty and power the ring was giving him – unnatural long life. When he lost it, he tried to recover it. He followed the trails of the Fellowship tasked to bring his â€Å"precious† to Mount Doom. He succeeded in getting it from Frodo’s hands, but unfortunately, he ended falling into the fire of the mountain, where the ring was forged. At the end of the Return of the King, Sam was seen with his own family. He married Rosie, and had children afterwards. Even after Frodo had fled to the Undying Lands, Sam remained loyal to him by taking care of the book given to him by his friend. No one could blame him for that because they had gone to a perilous journey that truly tested their friendship.

Drunk Drivers And Drunk Driving - 946 Words

While I have never personally been involved in a crash caused by drunk driving, as a firefighter I have approached the aftermath of many. The worst drunk driving accident I have witnessed was a car that had rolled three times. The guy flew out the front window, leaving deep cuts all over his head. Because he was intoxicated, he tried to get up and move around, oblivious to his injuries or pain. He didn’t even realize he had gotten into an accident. As I watched the scene unfold, it made me angry. I didn’t understand how people could out themselves and others into dangerous or even fatal risks! Sadly, 50 to 70 percent of convicted drunk drivers continue to drive on a suspended license. On average, two in three people will be involved in a drunk driving crash in their lifetime (11 Facts). Drunk driving is an issue that can be overcome by putting a Breath Alcohol Ignition Interlock Device in a car and always assigning a designated driver. The substantial problem with drunk driving is that every death it causes could be prevented. While drivers with a low BAC (blood alcohol concentration) are involved in fewer fatal crashes, those with a higher BAC of .15 are often the ones that cause the fatal crashes. In addition, people with high BAC drivers tend to be male between the ages of 25 to 35 with a history of DWI’s (â€Å"Drinking and Driving†). By definition, alcohol is a depressant that slows down the functions of the central nervous system. This causes the normal brain functionShow MoreRelatedDrunk Driving And Drunk Drivers2145 Words   |  9 Pageskilled in drunk driving incidents. Out of those people, 65% (6,515) were drivers, 27% (2,724) were passengers, and 8% (837) were non-passengers (â€Å"Drunk Driving Statistics†). Over half of those fatalities (67.1%) involved blood alcohol levels over .15% (â€Å"Drunk Driving Statistics†). The legal blood-alcohol content is .08%. 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If there is no harmRead MoreAlcohol Related Accidents Essay874 Words   |  4 Pageschance of being in an accident with a drunk driver. Drunk driving is a serious problem that the United States, as well as the world, is trying to deal with, because it does not only effect a select few, it effects everyone. Drunk driving amongst hig h school students is an enormous problem that the United States is trying to cope with. Many programs have come to surface over the past few years, that educate students on this situation. MADD, mothers against drunk driving, is a non profit organization thatRead MoreDrunk Drivers Essay1097 Words   |  5 PagesDriving a vehicle is a huge responsibility, and can be dangerous for anyone who is careless on the road. That danger increases as drivers attempt to drive either intoxicated or drunk. Blood alcohol concentration, also known as BAC, is the amount of alcohol in the blood of one’s system, and is used as a measure of degree of intoxication in an individual (answers.com). In the United States it is illegal per se, to drive with a BAC of .08 for all drivers who are 21 and older (nhtsa.gov). As the bloodRead MoreDrunk Driver And Drunk Drivers923 Words   |  4 PagesIn 2013, 10,076 people died because of drunk drivers. One every 52 minutes. 290,000 were injured because of the accidents (MADD). In 2012, 3,328 people died because of car crashes due to the fact that drivers were on their phones. 421,000 were injured (Texting and Driving Statistics). Driving is not an easy task so you should always be attentive to what you’re doing. A big difference between both is being sober and being drunk. Someone that’s drunk isn’t fully aware of what’s going on. Someone whoRead MoreDrinking And Driving1335 Words   |  6 Pages Drink and Driving is and Ongoing Problem Erica Esposito Kean University Abstract This paper explores the research and find results on how drinking and driving has become a big problem in the United States. Drinking and driving effects a person’s ability to operate a vehicle and therefore drunk drivers need to be educated on the repercussions with drinking and driving. Every day drunk drivers are arrested, either for traffic violations, reckless driving, and random stops on theRead MoreDrunk Driving Essay780 Words   |  4 Pagesalcohol-impaired drivers (Wu, 2016). Many people drive while under the influence of alcohol because they do not see the risk of getting into an accident or potentially injuring someone. They only see the convenience of not leaving their car somewhere or purchasing a driving service. Driving while under the influence of alcohol has a negative impact on society. Drunk driving is detrimental to families, studies show that it takes human life, and has a legal punishment. When a drunk driver gets into anRead MoreDeath by Driving Drunk930 Words   |  4 Pagesone of the leading causes of death during driving is drunk driving. Drunk driving not only puts you in danger but everyone around you in danger. There are many ways that alcohol affects you that makes you drive very bad. To help stop this, The police have made many laws regarding drunk driving and have made many arrests regarding driving under the influence. There are also many stories out there that make us wonder about the dangers and risks of drunk driving. Theres also many laws and reforms being

Changing Nature of Human Resource Management - 1782 Words

CHANGING NATURE OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENTdlskjfljggglrkhytojurkjly,hm,lfgh Nature of human resource management: Human resource management is a field that has evolved a great deal since its beginnings about 1990.it began as a primarily clerical operations concerned with payroll, employee records, and arranging community visits. HR activities: HR management is composed of several groups if interlinked activities taking place within the context of the organization. A brief overview of seven HR activities is as follows: * HR Planning and Analysis Through HR planning, managers attempt to anticipate forces that will influence the future supply of and demand for employees. Employees must be appropriately motivated and be willing to stay†¦show more content†¦Ideally, HR professionals should be strategic contributors, operationally efficient and cost effective. Strategic role for HR: These include enhancing organizational performance, involvement in strategic planning, decision making, mergers and acquisitions and downsizing and ensuring financial accounts for HR results. Ethical behavior is crucial in HR Management and a number if HR ethical issues are regularly being faced by HR professionals. HR as a career field requires maintaining current knowledge in HR management. Professional certification has grown in importance for HR generalist and specialists. STRATEGIC HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: Strategic human resource management: Organizational use of employees to gain or keep a competitive advantage against competitors. Human resource as a core competency: Some ways through which human resource become a core competency are through attracting and retaining employees with unique professional and technical capabilities, investing in training and development of those employees and compensating them in ways that retain and keep them competitive with counterparts in other organization. Organizational strategies based on human resource: People can be a core competency when they have special capabilities to make decisions and be innovative in ways that competitors can not easily imitate. Possible HR areas for core competencies: innovation UnusualShow MoreRelatedLimitations to Hr Planning1743 Words   |  7 Pages | Question: Examine the limitation to Human Resource Planning. What you advocate as the measures for dealing with identified limitations? Definition of Human Resource Management It is proposed that we take human resource management to be that part of management concerned with: All the decisions, strategies, factors, principles, operations, practices, functions, activities and methods related to the management of people as employees in any type of organisation (includingRead MoreEssay on Preparing for a Career in Hr1335 Words   |  6 PagesPreparing for a career in HR Intro to Human Resources Management Preparing for a career in HR Human resources or HR is a demanding career that requires specialized training. Human Resources can be very high in its growth potential but the growth prospect, just like any other profession, depends on the ability of the person concerned. HR professionals manage a business’ employees, job candidates and work rules. They also conduct interviews, hire employees, fire employees, and manage employee’sRead MoreProject Management And The Changing Psychological Contract812 Words   |  4 PagesPROJECT MANAGEMENT AND THE CHANGING PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTRACT Dainty et al. (2004) explored the nature and content of psychological contract amongst key management group in construction industry in the UK. Psychological contract is defined by Rousseau (1995, p.9) as â€Å"individual beliefs, shaped by the organization, regarding terms of an exchange agreement between individual and their organization†. They are informal, unwritten mutual expectation of input and subsequent output in employment relationshipRead MoreHuman Resource Management And Organizational Goals1587 Words   |  7 Pagespast two decades, where the best-intentioned human resource processes attempting to align human resource practices with organisational goals have become mismatched. Due to external factors such as globalization, advances in technology and changing views regarding the importance of human resources as a competitive advantage for organisations, the nature of work has been redefined (Horwitz, Heng, Quazi, 2003). This has caused human resource management t o become more than just a function, but a strategicRead MoreHuman Resource Management : An Optimizing Role For Shaping Organizational And Employee Behavior Essay1576 Words   |  7 PagesThe primary function of Human Resource Management is increasing the effectiveness and contribution of employees in the attainment of organization’s goals and objectives. For attaining the goals of the organization, the employees need to work effectively and perform at their best. To get appropriate outcome, the human resource department considers aspects like, equal employment opportunity, affirmative action, human resource planning, recruitment and selection, human resource development, compensationRead MoreHuman Resource Management933 Words   |  4 PagesHuman Resource Planning Definition: Human Resources Planning is defined as the process of assessing an organization’s human resources needs in the light of organizational goals and changing condition and making plans to ensure that a competent, stable workforce is employed. The actual planning process will vary a great deal from organization to organization As defined by Bulla and Scott (1994), human resource planning is ‘the process for ensuring that the human resource requirements of anRead MoreEssay The Challenge of Developing Successful Leaders 1237 Words   |  5 Pagesorganizations fail to cultivate the human resources that they already have because; they are unaware of their employees’ potential, they have not implemented a program for mentoring and development, or they may not have the funds to invest in training and development to further their employees’ capabilities. The Society for Human Resources relates that â€Å"developing the next generation of corporate leaders† is one of the major concerns of the majority of human resource executives (â€Å"Future HR ChallengesRead MoreChanges Of The Human Resource Environment Essay1732 Words   |  7 Pages CHANGES IN THE HUMAN RESOURCE ENVIRONMENT by Sushant Uppal Course Title Professor (Tutor) The Name of the School (University) The City and State where it is located The Date Factors Contributing to the Changing Human Resource (HR) Environment and their Effects HR environment just like business environment is changing, and there are five factors which are involved in the environmental change of HR (Academy of Human Resource Development 2002). These are: 1. diversifying in Work force 2. ShiftingRead MoreStrategic Human Resource Management : A Field Evolved Over The Years1316 Words   |  6 Pages Strategic Human Resource Management Reynaldo Navarro University of the Southwest â€Æ' How has strategic human resource management as a field evolved over the years? What are the practices that are likely to bring forth better performance with regards to strategic human resource management? Strategic human resource management deals with strategies used by business enterprises and companies as means of the improving and measuring performance. It is important to understand these strategiesRead MoreHuman Resource Planning and Development Leads to Success Essay examples1396 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Resource Planning and Development: Human resource development is a concept that has existed even before the 1980s and has played an important role in the success, growth, and development of organizations. The emergence of this concept can be attributed to the establishment of apprenticeship programs in the 18th Century (Werner DeSimone, 2011, p.5). The significance of human resource development in today’s business environment is attributed to its role in organizational profitability.

The Apostle Paul s Writing - 884 Words

Biblical Worldview Essay Introduction In the Apostle Paul’s writing in Romans, there is a biblical outlook of creation, he also states that humanity’s identity originated in God, and that God made man in His own image. Paul also expounds on man’s relationship with God as well as with other creations, and on culture. Paul reveals God’s love for mankind, man’s sinful condition, resulting in him rightly deserving the penalty of death, God’s amazing grace and his plan of redemption. The Natural World 150-200 In Genesis 1:1-25, the natural world was spoken into being by God the Father (Creator) and He stated â€Å"all that He created was good† (Genesis 1:31). Romans 1:20-21 states â€Å"For the invisible things of him from the creation of the world are clearly seen, being understood by the things that are made, even his eternal power and Godhead; so that they are without excuse† God’s purpose for creating the natural world was a demonstration of His existence, His glory, His supremacy. His love, His goodness, His grace, and His wisdom (Psalm 19:1; 8:1; 50:6; 89:5) and all that the Creator, created, is to worship and glorify Him. Within the natural world, it was God’s will for man to subdue and take dominion of the earth. However, the natural world is full of darkness the people worship that which is created but deny and ignore the Creator. Human Identity Every human being was made in the image of God the Creator (Genesis 1:27) but man sinned against God. (Genesis 1:28) Paul remindsShow MoreRelatedThe Paul Of The Apostle Paul1502 Words   |  7 PagesTHE APOSTLE PAUL Whatever tales may have spun out of the antiquity of time, Jesus was not the initiator of Christianity as we know it. The division between Jews and Christians did not begin with the death of Christ. Indeed, many of his teachings have been lost forever for none of his disciples ever wrote a single word down. Although this religion, established solidly upon this man, does not even regard Jesus in most of the New Testament (Collier). The man behind the curtain, the usurper, and dividerRead Morepeter and paul1272 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Nickesha Larmond Paul and Peter Background information about Paul Paul whose name was Saul was an early Christian missionary and theologian, known as the Apostle to the Gentiles was born a Jew in Tarsus, Rome. As a minor, he was trained as a rabbi but earned his living as a tentmaker. A zealous Pharisee, he persecuted the first Christians until a vision of Jesus, experienced while on the road to Damascus, converted him to Christianity. Three years later he met St. Peter and Jesus brotherRead MoreThe Foundation Of Orthodoxy And The Canon1188 Words   |  5 Pagesunderstood that Jesus was the main influence. Our Christian Orthodox founder is Jesus and His word. After Jesus’s death and resurrection he promised the Apostles that the Holy Spirit would guide them in their missionary tasks. As promised, the beginnings of Jesus deity began to a new growth and height of worshipers. The Age of the Apostles began the shaping of our New Testament Cannon in our affirmation of the deity of Jesus and how we can confirm that He is the Savior. Mor eover, for many yearsRead MoreBackground . The Book Of Acts Or The Acts Of The Apostles1523 Words   |  7 PagesBackground The Book of Acts or the Acts of the Apostles is also referred to as the Book of the Holy Spirit or just the Acts of the Holy Spirit because of the numerous cases it portrays the work of the Holy Spirits. Acts present the work of the Holy Spirit as the life line of the Church. It is important to remember that, in the previous gospel books, Jesus had lived, Jesus had died, and he had risen and ascended to heaven. At the time of his ascension, Jesus promised to send the helper; the HolyRead MoreAnalyzing Titus 1 A Pastoral Epistle Written By Apostle Paul1741 Words   |  7 Pagesto convey what was expected of the early church leaders and how those expectations can relate to modern leaders. I will analyze Titus 1 a Pastoral Epistle written by Apostle Paul through the process of Social and Cultural Texture analysis. Then, the analysis will explore the virtue and ethical leadership ideas of the Apostle Paul. Lastly, this paper will highlight how the ethical concepts are applicable to mo dern leadership practices. Social and Cultural Texture Analysis The Social and CulturalRead MoreThe Nature Of The Christian Mission1601 Words   |  7 PagesChristian mission is not being based on the difficulty of man, but humanity-denying to self and following the example Jesus has left us. The Apostle Paul is an excellent example of one who carried out the Christian mission. He deprives himself, picked up his cross and follows Jesus even unto his death. The book of Acts calls it Paul missionary journeys. Paul demonstrated the foundation of missionary service. He was theologically in harmony with God’s redemptive plan as he follows Jesus. He utteredRead MoreBiography Of Paul And The Reasons For His Letters1598 Words   |  7 PagesI chose to write my exegetical paper on Philippians 3:12-21. Before writing this paper I was not entirely familiar with the life of Paul and the reasons for his letters. It was an interesting study once I understood the background and reasoning for Paul’s writings. Paul wrote Philippians while in priso n. His priority was always on the advancement of Christ. He was completely unconcerned about his lack of comfort or the situation he was in while in prison. His thoughts were solely on the cause ofRead MoreThe Foundation Of Orthodoxy And The Canon1484 Words   |  6 Pagescanon. This is further explained in Brevard S. Childs book, The New Testament as Canon. Childs has experience in research on this topic. Therefore, the credibility is strong. Childs defines canon as: A fixed body of sacred literature which the early church once designated as normative . . . a particular theological construal of the tradition which it provided to the literature by means of the shape and intertextuality it formed within the collection of writings. [or] Finally, the term includes the interpretiveRead MoreWomen and the 1st Century Jesus Movement Essay1501 Words   |  7 Pages There are no known writings that chronicle the life of Jesus or his teachings during his lifetime; rather there is an accumulation of written sources that arose decades after his death (Seat 8/25). Originally, Jesus’ teachings were passed down orally, but eventually, Christians began to write down the oral traditions decades later after his death, specifically after the destruction of the Jewish Temple in 70CE (Seat 8/25). As a result, it is important to note that there is a time discrepancyRead MoreThe Paper Is Centered On The Discussion Of The New Testament1657 Words   |  7 Pagesnot just who the author is, but to whom is the author speaking too? The letter or epistle, what unique style shows that the author is original or a pseudo author writing in the same style as the original author. Any similarities of the writing style and content and or context will also identify the author. The main style of writing that will be discussed, can be classified as the Hellenistic style that was prevalent during the time of Christ. This style consisted of three main structures, Opening

Enhanced Reading Instructions Essay Free Essays

Differentiated Instructional demand of pupils makes it imperative for a instructor to be after out her direction in little groups and separate reading Centres to give pupils ample pattern. Teachers form little flexible groups of pupils. meeting twice or thrice a hebdomad for a specific clip. We will write a custom essay sample on Enhanced Reading Instructions Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The instructor draws up similar structure† to bring forth thoughts. stimulate thought. do programs and make a desire† . ( Cited in Steering authorship and Observing Reading. p. 385 ) . Teachers† find more chance to utilize their cognition and accomplishments more to the full and effectively† . ( cited in Making Instructional Decisions. p. 461 ) . â€Å"Many usage alternate schemes in order to run into the particular demand of the students† ( Modifying Lessons. p. 461 ) Alternative lesson structures recommends the usage of at least two types of lesson constructions. One Guided Reading and the other Skill Focused Lessons. It follows a form where the text is selected. introduced. read and discussed. In a Teacher- led- Centre. â€Å"the option most favored today. Centre on incorporate course of study. an attempt to link the linguistic communication humanistic disciplines with other capable countries. frequently through subjects. Integration is encouraged across all capable countries. including math â€Å" . ( Basal Readers and Instructional Materials. Chp13. p. 0 ) â€Å"Skill development and pattern activities are frequently interspersed with originative enrichment thoughts in the teacher’s usher. † ( Chp13. p. 460 ) Students who need focused acquisition to go fluid and accurate in their use. Skill Focused Lessons are planned out by a instructor. like †writing. speaking. . . brainstorming†¦ function playing. doodling. pulling. cartooning. jotting ain thoughts. taking notes. interviewing and even organizing mental images through visual image and in writing organisers. † ( Steering Writing and Observing Reading p. 385 ) . Thus guidelines are set. which help heighten effectual reading composing in a schoolroom. Mention hypertext transfer protocol: //www. fcrr. org/assessment/pdf/smallgroupalternativelessonstructures. pdf How to cite Enhanced Reading Instructions Essay, Essay examples

For Love Or Money free essay sample

Dust Over The City Essay, Research Paper For Love Or Money Peoples necessarily encounter many debatable state of affairss in their life-time. Some jobs may be more serious than others, but the fact remains that it is alsways their pick as to how they will respond and whether or non they will drop or swim. A subsister is aperson who, depite whatever adversities they encounter, will confront their jobs head on and will non endorse down. They ever do whatever humanly possible overcome these obstaclsand supersede eveyone s excpectations and sometimes even their ain. Such people portion common features ; steadfest bravery, the ability to accommodate and set and a perservering attitude. Through Jim and Masdeline Dubois the cardinal characters in Dust Over the City, the writer nowadayss such a instance as shown through their many ordeals and their reactions to them. This is apparent in their brush with other and Alains patients, their conflict with solitariness and the determination to travel to the excavation town, seting to the new metropolis and accepting the fact with small commissariats this is where they must populate now. In Andre Langevins fresh Dust Over the City the characters Alain and Madeline are the incarnation of two people that are freshly wed and the jobs that each other face may or may non be normal. Alain and Madeline were a really unhappy married twosome and there were many things underlying their true feeling about each other. This is proved when Madeline meets person. Alain is confronted with this great large animal of a adult male who works in a bare and owns the eating house. The lone thing Alain could make to last the matrimony and win Madelines live dorsum was to contend back despite the unequal balance and size of strength and the hapless odds of winning. When the writer writes The adult male was the size of a great black bear against this liitle adult male. This proves Alain love for Madeline was unconditioned and taking to great progresss. Through this incident we can readily see that this adult male was genuinely courageous. He stood up, remained unagitated and the finally defeated this tremendous adult male where he could hold easy take to give up and he would of most likely been slaughtered. It was his courage that allowed him to last. Besides this married twosome was being lacerate apart by the married woman Madeline. She had moved with Alain to this new metropolis and Alain a succesful physician, may non hold the greatest looks or a muscular organic structure but he loves Madeline more than anything in the universe. She plays the single function in forepart of the metropolis when Alain s non about. The writer states She was dancing throughout the dark with every cat at every tabular array, like a individual rummy adult female would make, non cognizing she was married. ( 183 ) Alain felt that all he could make was love her and handle her the best anyone can handle person else that they love. He shows his loyalness to her and gives her the universe and so some. Alain was a adult male who s matrimony was falling apart because of his married woman who now showed him and proved to him that she was in it for the money and non for the love. Madeline who showed no attention towards the adult male she had walked down the aisle with and moved to this metropolis where neither of them wanted to populate but thought that they could populate on love. These escapades were besides able to set abd adapt to adverse conditions and state of affairss. When Alain and Madeline had took a trip to the forests one weekend they were presented with really drab fortunes. Madeline had severely bruised her leg, their plane was destroyed and had lost a good part of their nutrient supply. This is clearly proven by the quotation marks, Let s see your leg I bet it hurts, but it isn t broken. Merely bruised. You will be able to run in a hebdomad at least. ( 196 ) Further, no fire no nutrient these were blows to strong to bear, ( 199 ) but fortuitously there was adequate equipment here for any existent woodman to do a life for hebdomads. ( 201 ) Despite these reverses they were able to populate off the land, catching fish and squirrels for nutrient turn outing the Dr. Alain Dubois was more than a physician. They eventually had started a fire with a magnifying glass and the fire job had been beaten. These two people were really advanced a salvaging thei r matrimony by working together. Creativity with the equipment that had been found they had and in covering with their numer ous hardships. They were able to populate off what they had and managed to last despite limited supplies and many adversities. They had to larn how to run and angle with merely line and hook, demoing how they could accommodate to the hard fortunes. Adaptability is necessary for endurance and Alain won t give in to hard state of affairss but they will modify themselves to them because he is a combatant and non a quitter. The twosome s ability to set to a demanding state of affairs is continually proved and exemplified through the alterations the spell through in the novel. A first-class portraiture of this fact is Alain holding to steer a group of four without cognizing how to steer. Quote to turn out this is I have neer been in one of those boats. What about angling Oh I know really small about that. ( 209 ) Madeline watched closely to other ushers for the following few yearss and was able to larn the necessities of steering. The undermentioned forenoon Alain did everything he had watched ad observed the other ushers do. He picked up a wooden box from the shop, filled his gas armored combat vehicle, checked with his invitees to see if they wanted beer in the boat, so filled a big bucket with ice from the fish hut and set in 12 bottles of bee. When his invitees arrived he got them seated and fiddled about until Madeline was ready so followed him out on to the lake. ( 183 ) This shows how Alain was ab le to larn rapidly by observations of others and still be able to be a really successful usher. Alain and Madeline continually showed a perserving attitude in all the determinations they made and the battles they overcame. They neer one time gave in or considered it as an option. This is illustrated in their determination to remain in the Barrens and weather the winter because it was their last option for endurance. The awful disclosures of no deliverance and the going of Jones didn Ts make them desire to give up but they decided to go on to endeavor to last. they knew non to travel place ( 99 ) The characters show their strong will and perseverance in the quotation marks, But if the Eskimos can populate here all twelvemonth long, so so can we, ( 100 ) and, You are right. If we can acquire nutrient and apparels and shelter we will be all right. We can acquire all those things if we truly seek. ( 101 ) Alain and Madeline were cover a really serious blow which could hold made others w ant to give up but they decided to make whatever they could in order to vouch their endurance. They did experience, at times, that the state of affairs seemed despairing and hopeless but they overcame these feelings because they knew it would take them nowhere. It is non in the their character to throw in the towel because it is in them to contend to the really terminal. Alain was continually relentless in everything he did when a rival rose he would accept it deovote all his strength to get the better ofing it. During his journey to Canada he had to get the better of great distnces and defeatd to acquire at that place. Proff of these tests Then the both stared in horror the canoe emerged in a quiet Eddy at the pes of the reapids ( 245 ) . During the continuance of the lengthly trip she struggled to maintain up with Alain and Madeline for they were strong and skilled. They were merely able to remain alive with backbreaking finding and difficult work. But despite his sore musculuss h e plotted forth for he knew the importance of his occupation. It meant remaining her in the small metropolis and pusuing his calling. remebering the urgenty demand for meet at the place cantonments. ( 251 ) Alain showed great strength of will and character in the ardest journey. Throughout the full novel Alain had showed his love towards her and neer allow her out of his sight. He genuinely loved this lady with all his bosom and devotedness proving in the fresh Dust Over The City. He had fixed his matrimony with her and now they both figured out what loved had to make with matrimony and it wasn T because he was a physician or because she was beautiful it was the four missive word love. Love is the most of import thing two people can hold to love and be faithful. Some cuples it takes excess long clip but they end up loving one to the point of which they are inseperable which these to people obtained in their life. Love is an innense word significance different things to everyone but to these two it menat salvaging their matrimony and loving each other to the point of really decease for one another. 353